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But that is the case along the south-western coast of Africa, where the Great African Seaforest, the subject of an Oscar-winning documentary viewed by millions, still contains so many mysteries.\n\n**1001 Seaforest Species**,[1](/citation/sowk2-8-1/) developed by the Sea Change Project and supported by the Save Our Seas Foundation, is building a biodiversity knowledge platform for the Great African Seaforest. Inspired by *One Thousand and One Nights*, in which storytelling preserves life, 1001 applies this idea to biodiversity: each species represents a story to be discovered, documented, and shared, keeping the seaforest and its biodiversity alive in people’s imaginations.\n\n*each species represents a story to be discovered*\n\n1001 brings together many types of knowledge, documenting observations, preserving visual records, and contributing to scientific research. As such, collaboration is central to its long-term vision as it aims to connect these different forms and sources of knowledge and enable wider participation. Together, the contributors are creating a shared and enduring resource that benefits many communities and serves different purposes – from taxonomy and research to education, conservation, and public engagement.\n\nAt the centre of this resource is the 1001 Species app, a growing “living catalogue” currently under development for public release in 2027\\. Conceived as “a seaforest in your pocket,” it brings together over 1,000 species across the tree of life, from seaweeds and invertebrates to fishes, birds, and mammals. Species accounts combine identification, biology, and distribution with comparisons to related taxa, placing each species within the wider diversity of the seaforest.\n\n*keeping the seaforest and its biodiversity alive in people’s imaginations.*\n\nAlongside this scientific foundation, photography, film, natural history, and immersive storytelling reveal the lives behind the species. Field observations capture behaviour and ecological interactions that may be absent from formal publications, presenting species as fundamental components of a complex living ecosystem.\n\nThe underlying premise is simple: biodiversity cannot be effectively studied, monitored, or protected if it remains poorly known, inaccessible or invisible to society. By connecting people with kelp forest life through knowledge and storytelling, 1001 seeks to strengthen both the understanding and societal connection needed for long-term conservation.\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad627f702dec18e5e58439a\" />\nFigure 8.1. Kelp forest habitats and the 1001 Seaforest Species platform.\n\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad6282002dec18e5e58439d\" />\n\n## **8.2 Ocean literacy in action: lessons from the Great Southern Reef**\n**Prue Francis, Catia Jose Abreu de Freitas, Stefan Andrews**\n\nA decade ago, the Great Southern Reef was hiding in plain sight. Stretching more than 8,000 km along southern Australia, it supported distinctive species, communities, and economies, yet had little public identity of its own. Naming the reef in 2015 gave people a shared way to recognise, discuss, and care about it.\n\nSince then, its profile has grown through a deliberately varied mix of education, storytelling, and public engagement. Scientists, teachers, artists, filmmakers, community groups, and organisations such as the Great Southern Reef Foundation have each helped tell the reef’s story in different ways. Direct references to the Great Southern Reef in online and print media rose from 34 stories in 2020 to 207 in 2025, alongside around 90 broadcast mentions in 2025. Federal research funding also increased from approximately A$4 million in 2010–2015 to more than A$8 million in 2022–2026.\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad6285602dec18e5e5843a0\" />\n\nThe documentary *White Rock* illustrates how these efforts can reinforce one another. The film brought the story of kelp loss and long-spined sea urchins to a broad audience, while curriculum-linked resources helped teachers take that story into classrooms. Art exhibitions, podcasts, community events, television, radio, and print media extended the conversation beyond formal education.\n\nThe strongest results may be the simplest. After participating in a place-based ocean education programme, students from coastlines along the Great Southern Reef moved from drawing mostly tropical marine animals to depicting kelp forests and local invertebrates. Teachers also reported greater confidence in teaching ocean topics and connecting them across subjects.\n\nThe Great Southern Reef did not become visible through one campaign or one organisation. Its growing recognition came from many people repeating, adapting, and localising the story over time. The lesson is that ocean literacy works best when it feels relevant to people’s own coastlines, identities, and experiences—and when education, media, art, and community engagement are treated as connected parts of conservation rather than optional extras. \n\n## 8.3 Forests Without Names: Why naming kelp forests matters\n**Claudia Santori, Amanda Schadeberg, Chanelle Webster, Adriana Vergés**\n\nWhat does your name tell others about who you are? For many places, a name conjures a living image: the Amazon Rainforest, the Nile River, or Mount Fuji. Already, you can place them on a map, see their colours, and imagine the life they sustain.\n\nKelp forests are not so lucky.\n\nAll along the [Great Southern Reef](https://greatsouthernreef.com/faq)[2](/citation/sowk2-8-2/) of Australia, kelp forests have been cared for and used by Aboriginal peoples for tens of thousands of years, yet they remain unnamed, or their names may have been lost through colonisation and displacement. Without a name, kelp forests can be harder to identify or form a relationship with. Before we can ask people to care for a place, it might help if we can first introduce them to it.\n\nThe [*Forests Without Names*](https://forestswithoutnames.com/)*[3](/citation/sowk2-8-3/)* project is an international collaboration between Hyundai and the Kelp Forest Alliance. [Operation Crayweed](https://www.operationcrayweed.com/),[4](/citation/sowk2-8-4/) which runs the programme in Australia, invited local communities to name two kelp forests at South Coogee and Freshwater in Sydney, Australia. We hosted workshops where swimmers, surfers, divers, residents, scientists, and Aboriginal community members came together to learn about crayweed restoration, share their relationships with the coastline, and create a list of potential names. After consultation with local Aboriginal authorities to ensure the linguistic accuracy of the names that included Indigenous words, we put the two community shortlists to a public vote. \n\n**More than 1,800 votes were cast.**\n\nAt South Coogee, the community selected Yanggaa Kelp Forest, using the Dharawal word for the crayfish that make their homes in the kelp forest. \n\nAt Freshwater, the community chose Kadjung Kelp Forest, with *kadjung* meaning freshwater in Gomberee, a local Aboriginal language. \n\nWith formal approval from the Geographical Names Board[5](/citation/sowk2-8-5/) of New South Wales, these could become the first officially named kelp forests in Australia.\n\nResearch suggests that names can carry ecological knowledge and cultural memory, and that cultural recognition of places can be associated with their conservation.[6](/citation/sowk2-8-6/) That both communities chose Aboriginal-language names was meaningful, respecting the ongoing caring relationships between Indigenous peoples, language, and the environment. \n\nThe idea is catching on. *Forests Without Names* has named kelp forests in Argentina and Korea, and a third community workshop is planned for Sydney. Naming is an invitation to both notice and care, and Yanggaa and Kadjung Kelp Forests are one step closer to being on the map for communities and conservation.\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad628c702dec18e5e5843a3\" />\nFigure 8.2. A restored crayweed (*Phyllospora comosa*) forest in Sydney’s eastern suburbs. Photo: Tom Burd.\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad628ed02dec18e5e5843a6\" />\nFigure 8.3. Attendees at the South Coogee workshop, which resulted in the naming of Yanggaa Kelp Forest. \n\n## 8.4 Storytelling and the mysterious world of bull kelp\n**Josie Iselin, Marianne Leuschel – Attached PDF**\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad6294c02dec18e5e5843a9\" />\n\n## 8.5 Developing a network of kelp forest ecosystem monitoring programmes\n**Dillon Dolinar and Rodrigo Beas-Luna**\n\n“Observations provide the logical starting position from which to begin to propose explanations or theories.”[7](/citation/sowk2-8-7/)\n\nOur understanding of kelp forests and the communities that they harbour has benefited immensely from the establishment and maintenance of long-term ecological and environmental monitoring programmes. These investments have captured and described profound ecological crises[8](/citation/sowk2-8-8/) identified why systems collapsed or shifted[9](/citation/sowk2-8-9/) and linked policy decisions to ecological and social outcomes.[10](/citation/sowk2-8-10/) While these programmes can generate large amounts of useful information, that value cannot be fully realised if people are unable to locate, share, and use their data.\n\nWe are developing a tool that will enhance data sharing, collaboration, and understanding across kelp forest monitoring programmes around the world. This work will provide a centralised repository illustrating where long-term monitoring is occurring along rocky reefs and kelp forests, and equally importantly, where monitoring gaps remain. \n\nThe publicly available web platform will host information on the location, years surveyed, survey frequency, and methods used by long-term monitoring programmes. Importantly, the platform will also guide users on how to access the data and will help reduce the duplication of monitoring efforts at the same location.\n\nOne of the most exciting elements of this work is that it will help combat “shifting baseline syndrome”, whereby younger observers see a degraded state and assume it is natural. By increasing access to data documenting how things once were, the programme can help guide decisions about what restoration outcomes should look like, or how much damage has been done to an ecosystem. The project will also enhance data sharing and help facilitate regional monitoring programmes and guide management and research in these systems.\n\nThe platform will be hosted on the Kelp Forest Alliance website and open to all. We expect a regional launch in early 2027 and global expansion by 2028\\. We invite researchers and monitoring organisations interested in collaborating on this project to reach out."},"options":{"text":""},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nProtecting and restoring kelp forests is as much about connecting people to these systems as it is about science and policy. People have expressed their connection to and the importance of kelp forests in many forms, from paint to poetry to podcasts. Here, we highlight some of our favourite examples of artistic expression and communication about kelp forests.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1792421043/kelp-forest-alliance/page/8-0-communities-and-communications_thumbnail__1001_seaforest_species_ub70pp.png","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1792421043/kelp-forest-alliance/page/8-0-communities-and-communications_thumbnail__1001_seaforest_species_ub70pp.png","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1792421043/kelp-forest-alliance/page/8-0-communities-and-communications_thumbnail__1001_seaforest_species_ub70pp.png"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1792421043/kelp-forest-alliance/page/8-0-communities-and-communications_thumbnail__1001_seaforest_species_ub70pp.png","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1792421043/kelp-forest-alliance/page/8-0-communities-and-communications_thumbnail__1001_seaforest_species_ub70pp.png"}}}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nProtecting and restoring kelp forests is as much about connecting people to these systems as it is about science and policy. People have expressed their connection to and the importance of kelp forests in many forms, from paint to poetry to podcasts. Here, we highlight some of our favourite examples of artistic expression and communication about kelp forests."},"outro":{"text":""},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report","slug":"report"},"themeMode":null,"bannerThemeMode":null,"orderNumber":9,"layout":{"id":"65d5940a1368b052bf6ff14c","name":"Content","slug":"content","component":"PageLayoutContent"},"authors":[{"id":"69c1ebe54accb428229348d6","name":"Jannes Landschoff","slug":"jannes-landschoff","path":"/people/jannes-landschoff","organisation":null,"linkedin":null,"photo":null,"positions":[]},{"id":"6875e5691607ddf84ea1fe94","name":"Prue Francis","slug":"prue-francis","path":"/people/prue-francis","organisation":null,"linkedin":null,"photo":null,"positions":[]},{"id":"6aceb7fb70d52cdf9c0f281b","name":"Catia Jose Abreu de 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cross-legged on the floor of my preschool classroom, quietly watching as the grandmothers sang us our songs. In their hands was a rattle made from bull kelp, its rhythm carrying our language, our teachings, and the voices of those who came before us. Though we were taught to listen with respect and intention, there was something about the sound of the kelp rattle and the grandmothers' voices that drew us in. Even as young children, we knew those moments held something sacred.\nYears later, kelp would carry me far beyond my own shoreline.\nKelp introduced me to Indigenous relatives from coastlines I had never walked, whose languages I do not speak, yet whose hearts recognised something familiar in my own. Although our languages, traditions, and coastlines are beautifully distinct, something remarkable happened when we gathered. In every story, every laugh, every song, and every teaching, we found reflections of our own relationships with kelp. What once felt like isolated experiences became part of a much larger story—one that has been unfolding along coastlines around the world since time immemorial.\nEach gathering felt like drawing water from a deep well. Every person arrived carrying teachings from their own homeland, entrusted to them by their ancestors and communities. As those teachings were shared with humility and received with gratitude, the well grew deeper and purer. No one left with less. Somehow, we all left carrying more.\nMi'kmaq Elder Albert Marshall's teaching of Etuaptmumk, or Two-Eyed Seeing, became a guiding light for our journey. One eye recognises the strengths of our Indigenous ways of knowing, the other the strengths of Western science. It is only with both eyes open that we can better understand our kelp forests and find ways to better care for the world around us.\nAs kelp forests face unprecedented challenges, this growing circle of Indigenous kelp stewards reminds us that we are not alone. Across oceans, we are reconnecting to share knowledge, strengthen one another, and remember what the tides have always known—that the ocean connects us all.\nMy hope is that this spirit ripples outward, inspiring us to approach this work with curiosity, humility, and relationships rooted in respect, reciprocity, and care for the living world.\nw̕ yaʔyáʔnəŋ cn.\n(Yes, I am listening.)\n\n\nCraig Foster – Sea Change\nI’m at the tip of Africa in the Great African Seaforest. I watch in awe. A female pyjama shark is attempting to attach one of her eggs to a kelp holdfast by rotating her body around and around to weave the egg case thread into the kelp. Then something happened that I could never have imagined. A male pyjama shark appeared and repeatedly placed his body as protection between the female and any threat. As far as I know, this kind of protective behaviour is unknown in sharks.\nOnce the egg case was safely attached, both sharks moved away. Now the tiny shark would feed on the yolk inside the egg for at least six months before hatching, vulnerable to predation from starfish and whelks. I stared at the newly laid egg and felt a deep vulnerability in myself, because something told me that the survival of this endangered species was woven into my own survival. We feel separate, but that’s not actually the case, as biodiversity health and human health are fundamentally linked.\nOur future survival depends on our relationship with Mother Nature. Nurturing that relationship is the most important single thing we can do to support life and the coming lives of the next generation.\nKelp forests are places on Earth Mother’s body that have great wealth and density of species. They represent reservoirs of hope. They are amongst the most fragile and critical places to look after. Each act of caring and protection is an act of self-care. All our lives, animal and human, rest in her arms.\n"}},"intro":{"text":""},"orderNumber":1,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad4bfee21102692df90075d","name":"1.0 Introduction – Welcome to Kelp Forests","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/1-0-introduction-welcome-to-kelp-forests","slug":"1-0-introduction-welcome-to-kelp-forests","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Key takeaways\n1. Kelp forests cover one-third of our world’s coastlines.\n2. Areas within 50 km of a kelp forest are home to 950 million people and account for 18% of global GDP.\n3. 40–60% of these systems have declined in the last 50 years.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Key takeaways**\n\n1\\. Kelp forests cover one-third of our world’s coastlines.\n\n2\\. Areas within 50 km of a kelp forest are home to 950 million people and account for 18% of global GDP.\n\n3\\. 40–60% of these systems have declined in the last 50 years."},"orderNumber":2,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad6035902dec18e5e58419b","name":"2.0 Benefits of Kelp Forests","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/2-0-benefits-of-kelp-forests","slug":"2-0-benefits-of-kelp-forests","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Key takeaways\n\nKelp forests provide a wide range of economic and cultural services to over 950 million people around the world.\n\nThe potential economic value of ecosystem services in kelp forests is over US$500 billion per year.\n\nKelp forest fisheries (lobster, abalone, fish) generate tens of millions to billions for national economies each year.\n\nNearly 600,000 tonnes of wild kelp are harvested each year.\n\nKelp forests are estimated to sequester approximately 32 million tonnes of CO2 annually.\n\n\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Key takeaways**\n\n1. Kelp forests provide a wide range of economic and cultural services to over **950 million people around the world.**\n\n2. The potential economic value of ecosystem services in kelp forests is **over US$500 billion per year.**\n\n3. Kelp forest fisheries (lobster, abalone, fish) **generate tens of millions to billions for national economies each year.**\n\n4. Nearly **600,000 tonnes of wild kelp** are harvested each year.\n\n5. Kelp forests are estimated to sequester approximately **32 million tonnes of CO2 annually.**"},"orderNumber":3,"banner":{"name":"Kelp chapter 2","slug":"kelp-chapter-2","alternateText":null,"thumbnail":null}},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad607a102dec18e5e584222","name":"3.0 Conservation Actions and Priorities","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/3-0-conservation-actions-and-priorities","slug":"3-0-conservation-actions-and-priorities","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Key takeaways\n1) As the threats facing kelp forests are diverse, so are the methods for conserving, protecting, and managing these ecosystems. There is no universal approach, and conservation must be adapted to the local context.2) Monitoring is the most common type of kelp conservation used across regions.3) Communities are increasingly involved in kelp conservation projects.4) Indigenous stewardship, based on deep connections to local kelp forests, provides a complementary model for kelp conservation.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"## Key takeaways\n\n1) As the **threats facing kelp forests are diverse**, so are the methods for conserving, protecting, and managing these ecosystems. There is no universal approach, and conservation must be adapted to the local context.   \n2) Monitoring is the most common type of kelp conservation used across regions.  \n3) Communities are increasingly involved in kelp conservation projects.  \n4) Indigenous stewardship, based on deep connections to local kelp forests, provides a complementary model for kelp conservation."},"orderNumber":4,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad6116f02dec18e5e584292","name":"4.0 Protected Areas","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/4-0-protected-areas","slug":"4-0-protected-areas","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Key Takeaways\n\nAround 23% of the global kelp biome overlaps with a protected area. This is an increase from 16% in 2024.  \nThirteen regions have more than 30% of their kelp biome within protected areas, while 23 regions remain below this level.  \nProtected-area coverage is highest in regions including the Sub-Antarctic Islands, Atlantic France, Japan, South Australia, Atlantic Spain and Portugal, the Mediterranean, California, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Argentina, Western Australia, Washington, and Chile.  \nStrong protection of kelp forest ecosystems is very rare. Only 1.2% of the global kelp biome can currently be confidently identified as highly protected, with an additional 1.86% identified as moderately protected.  \nSeveral regions remain particularly under-protected, including Aotearoa New Zealand, the Russian and Canadian Arctic, eastern Canada, China, and Tasmania.\n\n"}},"intro":{"text":"Key Takeaways\n\n1. Around **23% of the global kelp biome** overlaps with a **protected area. This is an increase from 16%** in 2024.  \n2. **Thirteen regions have more than 30% of their kelp biome within protected areas,** while 23 regions remain below this level.  \n3. Protected-area coverage is highest in regions including the Sub-Antarctic Islands, Atlantic France, Japan, South Australia, Atlantic Spain and Portugal, the Mediterranean, California, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Argentina, Western Australia, Washington, and Chile.  \n4. Strong protection of kelp forest ecosystems is very rare. **Only 1.2% of the global kelp biome** can currently be confidently **identified as highly protected**, with an additional 1.86% identified as moderately protected.  \n5. Several regions remain particularly under-protected, including Aotearoa New Zealand, the Russian and Canadian Arctic, eastern Canada, China, and Tasmania."},"orderNumber":5,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad618a702dec18e5e5842b7","name":"5.0 Restoration","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/5-0-restoration","slug":"5-0-restoration","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nRestoration is expanding around the world, but progress remains uneven. A small number of larger programmes are showing that kelp forests can be restored at meaningful scales, while many projects remain small, experimental, or difficult to sustain and expand. Here, we highlight the main approaches being used and examine examples where restoration has succeeded at scale, focusing on the methods, partnerships, funding, and long-term management that have helped make recovery possible.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nRestoration is expanding around the world, but progress remains uneven. A small number of larger programmes are showing that kelp forests can be restored at meaningful scales, while many projects remain small, experimental, or difficult to sustain and expand. Here, we highlight the main approaches being used and examine examples where restoration has succeeded at scale, focusing on the methods, partnerships, funding, and long-term management that have helped make recovery possible."},"orderNumber":6,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad61c2202dec18e5e5842d1","name":"6.0 New Technologies","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/6-0-new-technologies","slug":"6-0-new-technologies","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nTechnology has an important role to play in making kelp forest conservation more effective and more efficient. While the field has received little dedicated research and development compared to terrestrial and coral systems, we are seeing the emergence of innovative approaches and creative applications of technologies developed for other settings to improve kelp forest health. Here we highlight some emerging and established technologies that will help drive the future of kelp forest conservation.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nTechnology has an important role to play in making kelp forest conservation more effective and more efficient. While the field has received little dedicated research and development compared to terrestrial and coral systems, we are seeing the emergence of innovative approaches and creative applications of technologies developed for other settings to improve kelp forest health. Here we highlight some emerging and established technologies that will help drive the future of kelp forest conservation."},"orderNumber":7,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad6202f02dec18e5e584320","name":"7.0 Policy and Funding Advances","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/7-0-policy-and-funding-advances","slug":"7-0-policy-and-funding-advances","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nPolicy and funding can determine whether kelp conservation remains a collection of local projects or grows into coordinated, long-term action. Around the world, governments and partners are beginning to set clearer targets, strengthen regulation, build dedicated coordination structures, and invest in restoration and monitoring. Here, we highlight examples of how policy, funding, and governance are creating the conditions needed to support kelp conservation at meaningful scales.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nPolicy and funding can determine whether kelp conservation remains a collection of local projects or grows into coordinated, long-term action. Around the world, governments and partners are beginning to set clearer targets, strengthen regulation, build dedicated coordination structures, and invest in restoration and monitoring. Here, we highlight examples of how policy, funding, and governance are creating the conditions needed to support kelp conservation at meaningful scales."},"orderNumber":8,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad629a902dec18e5e5843ac","name":"8.0 Communities and Communications","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/8-0-communities-and-communications","slug":"8-0-communities-and-communications","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nProtecting and restoring kelp forests is as much about connecting people to these systems as it is about science and policy. People have expressed their connection to and the importance of kelp forests in many forms, from paint to poetry to podcasts. Here, we highlight some of our favourite examples of artistic expression and communication about kelp forests.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nProtecting and restoring kelp forests is as much about connecting people to these systems as it is about science and policy. People have expressed their connection to and the importance of kelp forests in many forms, from paint to poetry to podcasts. Here, we highlight some of our favourite examples of artistic expression and communication about kelp forests."},"orderNumber":9,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad62b9402dec18e5e5843d9","name":"9.0 Methods","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/9-0-methods","slug":"9-0-methods","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"9.1 Expert opinion survey\nThis assessment draws on a structured global survey of kelp forest experts, practitioners, and managers. Participants provided information only for regions where they had substantial knowledge or experience.\nThe survey assessed four aspects of kelp forest conservation: threats and stressors, current conservation action, capacity to respond, and ecosystem benefits. Sixteen indicators were scored using consistent criteria, allowing broad comparisons among regions.\nResponses were combined to produce regional summaries and to identify places where conservation action and capacity may not be keeping pace with the pressures facing kelp forests.\nThe results represent expert-informed assessments rather than direct measurements of ecological condition or management effectiveness. The number of respondents and the availability of evidence varied among regions, so findings from areas with limited responses should be interpreted cautiously and alongside other available information.\n9.2 Kelp protection analysis\nWe estimated how much of the global kelp biome overlaps with marine protected areas and how strong that protection is likely to be.\nThe kelp biome was represented using a global model of potential kelp distribution1, restricted to waters shallower than 60 metres. This captures the broad environmental range in which kelp forests may occur, but it is not a direct map of observed kelp. It may overestimate habitat because it does not account for the availability of rocky reef, while also underestimating kelp distribution in places that were inaccurately modelled.\nWe overlaid this biome layer with two complementary protected-area datasets. The World Database on Protected Areas was used to estimate the overall area of kelp habitat located within designated protected areas. ProtectedSeas’ Level of Fishing Protection dataset was used to assess the strength of fishing restrictions within those areas, with a focus on moderately and highly protected sites.\nWhere protected areas overlapped, each location was assigned to the highest applicable protection category to avoid double-counting. These results indicate the spatial extent and likely regulatory strength of protection, but they do not directly measure enforcement, management effectiveness, or ecological outcomes.\n\nFigure 9.1 Overview of the kelp protection analysis. Habitat and protected-area layers are overlaid to estimate spatial overlap. See Section 9.2 for the habitat layer and protection datasets used in this report."}},"intro":{"text":""},"orderNumber":10,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad62c4c02dec18e5e5843e8","name":"10.0 Closing","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/10-0-closing","slug":"10-0-closing","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"The state of the world’s kelp forests remains mixed. Kelp forests continue to be lost, oceans are warming, and overabundant grazers remain a major challenge.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"The state of the world’s kelp forests remains mixed. 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People have expressed their connection to and the importance of kelp forests in many forms, from paint to poetry to podcasts. Here, we highlight some of our favourite examples of artistic expression and communication about kelp forests.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1792421043/kelp-forest-alliance/page/8-0-communities-and-communications_thumbnail__1001_seaforest_species_ub70pp.png","type":"image/png","thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1792421043/kelp-forest-alliance/page/8-0-communities-and-communications_thumbnail__1001_seaforest_species_ub70pp.png"}}}},"entityTypeName":"Page","updated":"2026-10-20T01:01:32.20","__type":"Page"}},
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