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MPAs can support kelp resilience, but they cannot directly prevent impacts such as marine heatwaves or land-based pollution.\n\n**Harvest management** regulates the removal of kelp through tools such as quotas, seasonal closures, size limits, licensing, and spatial restrictions. Its role is to keep extraction within sustainable limits and avoid disrupting the ecological relationships that maintain healthy kelp forests. Regulation is only relevant in areas with active kelp harvest (see Figure 2.2).\n\n**Monitoring** tracks changes in kelp extent, condition, biodiversity, and key stressors over time. It provides the evidence needed to detect decline, assess whether management is working, and adapt interventions as conditions change.\n\n**Community-led efforts** involve local communities, Indigenous peoples, fishers, and other coastal groups in stewardship, monitoring, restoration, and decision-making. These approaches can strengthen legitimacy, draw on local knowledge, and improve the long-term continuity of conservation action.\n\n**Policy reform and design** create the legal, institutional, and financial conditions needed for sustained management. This can include recognising kelp forests in biodiversity plans, setting protection or restoration targets, improving permitting, coordinating agencies, and establishing long-term funding mechanisms.\n\n**Restoration: see Chapter 5.**\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad6062f02dec18e5e58421c\" />\n\n## 3.3 What is happening now\n\nEcosystem monitoring is the most common form of kelp forest conservation and management. Eighty-six per cent of regions reported long-term monitoring programmes (e.g., Reef Check, PISCO, and Reef Life Survey). Communities were also heavily involved in kelp forest conservation with 63% of regions reporting community-led or community-linked conservation efforts. Policy planning and marine protected area planning specific to kelp forests are less common but still reported in approximately 50% of regions. The least common method for kelp conservation is harvest management (43%), though only a limited number of countries (e.g., Japan, Korea, France, Norway, Australia, and Chile) have active harvest industries to manage.\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad6078802dec18e5e58421f\" />\n\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad6096902dec18e5e584273\" />\nFigure 3.1. Conservation actions reported across kelp forest regions. The map shows the actions reported in each region; the bars summarise the percentage of regions reporting each action.[1](/citation/sowk2-3-1/)\n\n## 3.4 Conservation gaps\n\nNot all kelp forests need management interventions, and not all kelp systems that need conservation receive the needed response. Our expert survey revealed areas where the capacity to respond outpaced the need (green zones, 10/31, e.g., Ireland, Argentina, and the Arctic), areas where the response was roughly proportional to the need (yellow zones, 13/31, e.g., California, Australia, and Japan), and areas where the stressor was greater than the response (pink zones, 8/31, e.g., the east coast of the USA, Peru, and the Mediterranean).\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad609f902dec18e5e584276\" />\nFigure 3.2. Stressor burden and conservation response across kelp forest regions. The scatterplot compares stressor scores with response and capacity scores. See Section 9.1 for the survey methods.\n\n## 3.5 Indigenous stewardship of kelp forests\n**Authors: Makena Rush, Alejandra Paola González Vásquez, Loyiso Dunga, Betsy Peabody, Julianna Sullivan, Kelly Ferrier, Lineekela Kandjengo, Lynn C. Lee, Mairead Norton, Gwiisihlgaa Daniel McNeill, Marsha Mills, Mitchell Gibbs, Natalio Godoy, Shelley Estes, Tristin McHugh, Veronica C. Mills, Angelo Villagomez, Adriana Vergés, Aaron Eger**\n\nAcross our world’s oceans, many Indigenous communities hold invaluable reciprocal relationships with kelp forests: long-standing connections rooted in stewardship, culture, and sustenance that span millennia. Many Indigenous communities continue to maintain intricate and dynamic relationships with kelp forests through harvesting their traditional foods, practising stewardship, transmitting knowledge across generations, crafting, sharing stories, and taking care of these ecosystems to sustain their ancestral connections to their lands and waters in daily life. These relationships persist despite the systemic impacts of settler colonialism and Indigenous dispossession.[2](/citation/sowk2-3-2/) When a foundational species such as kelp faces decline, it can lead to well-documented ecological loss and less-recognised cultural, social, and economic loss.[3](/citation/sowk2-3-3/),[4](/citation/sowk2-3-4/) This issue is compounded by historical and ongoing marginalisation and exclusion from conservation decision-making processes.[5](/citation/sowk2-3-5/) Indigenous relationships with and access to kelp forests can play a major role in addressing kelp decline, yet Indigenous peoples in many regions of the world are not given the support that is needed to lead in efforts to address this challenge. Ecological stewardship, restoration, and conservation can be profoundly transformed when Indigenous worldviews, governance, and knowledge systems are recognised, respected, and uplifted.[3](/citation/sowk2-3-3/)  \n   \nIn recognition of the indelible relationships that Indigenous communities have had with kelp forests for centuries across the globe, we have established the ***Indigenous Kelp Forest Stewards Community***. Our members include Indigenous stewards and their allies from eight countries around the world. Our overarching goal is to raise the voices of Indigenous communities in their efforts to steward kelp forests, which is more important now than ever in the face of increasing human impacts and a changing global climate. We aim to build solidarity and capacity locally and globally by developing a worldwide network of communications and collaborations. Our membership currently spans the eastern Pacific, Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, southern Africa, Atlantic Canada, South America, and other kelp-bearing coastlines.\n\nTogether, we acknowledge three key principles: \n\n1. **Celebrating Reciprocal Relationships:** Kelp forests are taken care of and restored by people who carry relationships, responsibilities, memories, skills, stories, and obligations to place. In turn, kelp forests can take care of those who depend on them.  \n2. **Recognising the Hidden Costs of Stewardship**: Many of the people caring for kelp forests are doing this work with limited support while navigating ecological loss, institutional barriers, cultural and intellectual property risks, and the burden of explaining why their knowledge matters.  \n3. **Thriving People, Thriving Kelp Forests**: Supporting kelp forests requires supporting the people who care for them, collaborating with respect and an open heart.\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad60a6502dec18e5e584279\" />\n\nThese principles guide our work as we seek to elevate Indigenous voices and leadership and co-create resilient spaces for intergenerational collaboration across geographies. Our work informs kelp forest stewardship, research, practice, and policy by offering place-based understandings of the interconnected ecological and human dimensions of kelp forest well-being. Through in-person workshops, storytelling, arts-based participatory engagement, and co-production of community resources, this network supports biocultural conservation and creates important opportunities for future partnerships. We seek to create a vital stepping stone and a holistic model towards achieving reparative environmental justice and equity in kelp forest stewardship.  \n\n<Page slug=\"indigenous-voices-in-kelp-forest-stewardship\" id=\"6a389c99d5f6f9255e6de1c8\" />\n   \nThe concept of ***Two-Eyed Seeing*** (***Etuaptmumk*****,** in Mi'kmaq), in its many forms, guides our work through the transformative embrace of Indigenous Knowledge and Western knowledge equally for the benefit of all.[6](/citation/sowk2-3-6/) Community members lead with **relational accountability**: conducting stewardship and collaboration with respect, reciprocity, and ongoing responsibility. This approach holds individuals responsible for their actions based on their mutual relationships with people, communities, and environments.[7](/citation/sowk2-3-7/)\n\n<ImageAsset id=\"6ad60b1402dec18e5e58427c\" />"},"options":{"text":""},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"Key takeaways\n1) As the threats facing kelp forests are diverse, so are the methods for conserving, protecting, and managing these ecosystems. There is no universal approach, and conservation must be adapted to the local context.2) Monitoring is the most common type of kelp conservation used across regions.3) Communities are increasingly involved in kelp conservation projects.4) Indigenous stewardship, based on deep connections to local kelp forests, provides a complementary model for kelp conservation.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1792410913/kelp-forest-alliance/page/conservation-actions-and-priorities_thumbnail__adler-4342_2000x1334_tdh5pn.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1792410913/kelp-forest-alliance/page/conservation-actions-and-priorities_thumbnail__adler-4342_2000x1334_tdh5pn.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1792410913/kelp-forest-alliance/page/conservation-actions-and-priorities_thumbnail__adler-4342_2000x1334_tdh5pn.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1792410913/kelp-forest-alliance/page/conservation-actions-and-priorities_thumbnail__adler-4342_2000x1334_tdh5pn.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1792410913/kelp-forest-alliance/page/conservation-actions-and-priorities_thumbnail__adler-4342_2000x1334_tdh5pn.webp"}}}},"intro":{"text":"## Key takeaways\n\n1) As the **threats facing kelp forests are diverse**, so are the methods for conserving, protecting, and managing these ecosystems. There is no universal approach, and conservation must be adapted to the local context.   \n2) Monitoring is the most common type of kelp conservation used across regions.  \n3) Communities are increasingly involved in kelp conservation projects.  \n4) Indigenous stewardship, based on deep connections to local kelp forests, provides a complementary model for kelp conservation."},"outro":{"text":""},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report","slug":"report"},"themeMode":null,"bannerThemeMode":null,"orderNumber":4,"layout":{"id":"65d5940a1368b052bf6ff14c","name":"Content","slug":"content","component":"PageLayoutContent"},"authors":[{"id":"65d594121368b052bf6ff161","name":"Aaron Eger","slug":"aaron-eger","path":"/people/aaron-eger","organisation":{"id":"65d594011368b052bf6ff044","name":"Kelp Forest 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","image":{"id":"image_kelp-forest-alliance/image-asset/fig-3-1-conservation-actions-reported-across-kelp-forest-regions_image__3._Fig_3.1_nrwscz","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1792411992/kelp-forest-alliance/image-asset/fig-3-1-conservation-actions-reported-across-kelp-forest-regions_image__3._Fig_3.1_nrwscz.png","url2x":null}},{"id":"6ad6078802dec18e5e58421f","slug":"otter","name":"Otter","image":{"id":"image_kelp-forest-alliance/image-asset/otter_image__399c0c1d-8309-40d6-988c-c8e04edbd332_4876x2061_remjkh","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1792411522/kelp-forest-alliance/image-asset/otter_image__399c0c1d-8309-40d6-988c-c8e04edbd332_4876x2061_remjkh.webp","url2x":null}},{"id":"6ad6062f02dec18e5e58421c","slug":"group-photo-sowk-2","name":"Group photo sowk 2","image":{"id":"image_kelp-forest-alliance/image-asset/group-photo-sowk-2_image__group_photo_c2i3cx","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1792411170/kelp-forest-alliance/image-asset/group-photo-sowk-2_image__group_photo_c2i3cx.png","url2x":null}}]},"parent":{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6acdd00bbdeded6c37dcd41e","name":"State of the World's Kelp 26","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26","slug":"state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26","title":"State of the World's Kelp Forests Report 2026","subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"content":{"text":""},"children":[{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad4a34121102692df900752","name":"Forewords","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/forewords","slug":"forewords","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"\n\nJulianna Sullivan – Port Gamble S’Kallam Tribe\nyaʔyáʔnəŋ̕ u cxʷ?\n(Are you listening?)\nSome of my earliest memories are sitting cross-legged on the floor of my preschool classroom, quietly watching as the grandmothers sang us our songs. In their hands was a rattle made from bull kelp, its rhythm carrying our language, our teachings, and the voices of those who came before us. Though we were taught to listen with respect and intention, there was something about the sound of the kelp rattle and the grandmothers' voices that drew us in. Even as young children, we knew those moments held something sacred.\nYears later, kelp would carry me far beyond my own shoreline.\nKelp introduced me to Indigenous relatives from coastlines I had never walked, whose languages I do not speak, yet whose hearts recognised something familiar in my own. Although our languages, traditions, and coastlines are beautifully distinct, something remarkable happened when we gathered. In every story, every laugh, every song, and every teaching, we found reflections of our own relationships with kelp. What once felt like isolated experiences became part of a much larger story—one that has been unfolding along coastlines around the world since time immemorial.\nEach gathering felt like drawing water from a deep well. Every person arrived carrying teachings from their own homeland, entrusted to them by their ancestors and communities. As those teachings were shared with humility and received with gratitude, the well grew deeper and purer. No one left with less. Somehow, we all left carrying more.\nMi'kmaq Elder Albert Marshall's teaching of Etuaptmumk, or Two-Eyed Seeing, became a guiding light for our journey. One eye recognises the strengths of our Indigenous ways of knowing, the other the strengths of Western science. It is only with both eyes open that we can better understand our kelp forests and find ways to better care for the world around us.\nAs kelp forests face unprecedented challenges, this growing circle of Indigenous kelp stewards reminds us that we are not alone. Across oceans, we are reconnecting to share knowledge, strengthen one another, and remember what the tides have always known—that the ocean connects us all.\nMy hope is that this spirit ripples outward, inspiring us to approach this work with curiosity, humility, and relationships rooted in respect, reciprocity, and care for the living world.\nw̕ yaʔyáʔnəŋ cn.\n(Yes, I am listening.)\n\n\nCraig Foster – Sea Change\nI’m at the tip of Africa in the Great African Seaforest. I watch in awe. A female pyjama shark is attempting to attach one of her eggs to a kelp holdfast by rotating her body around and around to weave the egg case thread into the kelp. Then something happened that I could never have imagined. A male pyjama shark appeared and repeatedly placed his body as protection between the female and any threat. As far as I know, this kind of protective behaviour is unknown in sharks.\nOnce the egg case was safely attached, both sharks moved away. Now the tiny shark would feed on the yolk inside the egg for at least six months before hatching, vulnerable to predation from starfish and whelks. I stared at the newly laid egg and felt a deep vulnerability in myself, because something told me that the survival of this endangered species was woven into my own survival. We feel separate, but that’s not actually the case, as biodiversity health and human health are fundamentally linked.\nOur future survival depends on our relationship with Mother Nature. Nurturing that relationship is the most important single thing we can do to support life and the coming lives of the next generation.\nKelp forests are places on Earth Mother’s body that have great wealth and density of species. They represent reservoirs of hope. They are amongst the most fragile and critical places to look after. Each act of caring and protection is an act of self-care. All our lives, animal and human, rest in her arms.\n"}},"intro":{"text":""},"orderNumber":1,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad4bfee21102692df90075d","name":"1.0 Introduction – Welcome to Kelp Forests","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/1-0-introduction-welcome-to-kelp-forests","slug":"1-0-introduction-welcome-to-kelp-forests","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Key takeaways\n1. Kelp forests cover one-third of our world’s coastlines.\n2. Areas within 50 km of a kelp forest are home to 950 million people and account for 18% of global GDP.\n3. 40–60% of these systems have declined in the last 50 years.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Key takeaways**\n\n1\\. Kelp forests cover one-third of our world’s coastlines.\n\n2\\. Areas within 50 km of a kelp forest are home to 950 million people and account for 18% of global GDP.\n\n3\\. 40–60% of these systems have declined in the last 50 years."},"orderNumber":2,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad6035902dec18e5e58419b","name":"2.0 Benefits of Kelp Forests","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/2-0-benefits-of-kelp-forests","slug":"2-0-benefits-of-kelp-forests","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Key takeaways\n\nKelp forests provide a wide range of economic and cultural services to over 950 million people around the world.\n\nThe potential economic value of ecosystem services in kelp forests is over US$500 billion per year.\n\nKelp forest fisheries (lobster, abalone, fish) generate tens of millions to billions for national economies each year.\n\nNearly 600,000 tonnes of wild kelp are harvested each year.\n\nKelp forests are estimated to sequester approximately 32 million tonnes of CO2 annually.\n\n\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Key takeaways**\n\n1. Kelp forests provide a wide range of economic and cultural services to over **950 million people around the world.**\n\n2. The potential economic value of ecosystem services in kelp forests is **over US$500 billion per year.**\n\n3. Kelp forest fisheries (lobster, abalone, fish) **generate tens of millions to billions for national economies each year.**\n\n4. Nearly **600,000 tonnes of wild kelp** are harvested each year.\n\n5. Kelp forests are estimated to sequester approximately **32 million tonnes of CO2 annually.**"},"orderNumber":3,"banner":{"name":"Kelp chapter 2","slug":"kelp-chapter-2","alternateText":null,"thumbnail":null}},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad607a102dec18e5e584222","name":"3.0 Conservation Actions and Priorities","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/3-0-conservation-actions-and-priorities","slug":"3-0-conservation-actions-and-priorities","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Key takeaways\n1) As the threats facing kelp forests are diverse, so are the methods for conserving, protecting, and managing these ecosystems. There is no universal approach, and conservation must be adapted to the local context.2) Monitoring is the most common type of kelp conservation used across regions.3) Communities are increasingly involved in kelp conservation projects.4) Indigenous stewardship, based on deep connections to local kelp forests, provides a complementary model for kelp conservation.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"## Key takeaways\n\n1) As the **threats facing kelp forests are diverse**, so are the methods for conserving, protecting, and managing these ecosystems. There is no universal approach, and conservation must be adapted to the local context.   \n2) Monitoring is the most common type of kelp conservation used across regions.  \n3) Communities are increasingly involved in kelp conservation projects.  \n4) Indigenous stewardship, based on deep connections to local kelp forests, provides a complementary model for kelp conservation."},"orderNumber":4,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad6116f02dec18e5e584292","name":"4.0 Protected Areas","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/4-0-protected-areas","slug":"4-0-protected-areas","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Key Takeaways\n\nAround 23% of the global kelp biome overlaps with a protected area. This is an increase from 16% in 2024.  \nThirteen regions have more than 30% of their kelp biome within protected areas, while 23 regions remain below this level.  \nProtected-area coverage is highest in regions including the Sub-Antarctic Islands, Atlantic France, Japan, South Australia, Atlantic Spain and Portugal, the Mediterranean, California, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Argentina, Western Australia, Washington, and Chile.  \nStrong protection of kelp forest ecosystems is very rare. Only 1.2% of the global kelp biome can currently be confidently identified as highly protected, with an additional 1.86% identified as moderately protected.  \nSeveral regions remain particularly under-protected, including Aotearoa New Zealand, the Russian and Canadian Arctic, eastern Canada, China, and Tasmania.\n\n"}},"intro":{"text":"Key Takeaways\n\n1. Around **23% of the global kelp biome** overlaps with a **protected area. This is an increase from 16%** in 2024.  \n2. **Thirteen regions have more than 30% of their kelp biome within protected areas,** while 23 regions remain below this level.  \n3. Protected-area coverage is highest in regions including the Sub-Antarctic Islands, Atlantic France, Japan, South Australia, Atlantic Spain and Portugal, the Mediterranean, California, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Argentina, Western Australia, Washington, and Chile.  \n4. Strong protection of kelp forest ecosystems is very rare. **Only 1.2% of the global kelp biome** can currently be confidently **identified as highly protected**, with an additional 1.86% identified as moderately protected.  \n5. Several regions remain particularly under-protected, including Aotearoa New Zealand, the Russian and Canadian Arctic, eastern Canada, China, and Tasmania."},"orderNumber":5,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad618a702dec18e5e5842b7","name":"5.0 Restoration","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/5-0-restoration","slug":"5-0-restoration","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nRestoration is expanding around the world, but progress remains uneven. A small number of larger programmes are showing that kelp forests can be restored at meaningful scales, while many projects remain small, experimental, or difficult to sustain and expand. Here, we highlight the main approaches being used and examine examples where restoration has succeeded at scale, focusing on the methods, partnerships, funding, and long-term management that have helped make recovery possible.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nRestoration is expanding around the world, but progress remains uneven. A small number of larger programmes are showing that kelp forests can be restored at meaningful scales, while many projects remain small, experimental, or difficult to sustain and expand. Here, we highlight the main approaches being used and examine examples where restoration has succeeded at scale, focusing on the methods, partnerships, funding, and long-term management that have helped make recovery possible."},"orderNumber":6,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad61c2202dec18e5e5842d1","name":"6.0 New Technologies","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/6-0-new-technologies","slug":"6-0-new-technologies","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nTechnology has an important role to play in making kelp forest conservation more effective and more efficient. While the field has received little dedicated research and development compared to terrestrial and coral systems, we are seeing the emergence of innovative approaches and creative applications of technologies developed for other settings to improve kelp forest health. Here we highlight some emerging and established technologies that will help drive the future of kelp forest conservation.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nTechnology has an important role to play in making kelp forest conservation more effective and more efficient. While the field has received little dedicated research and development compared to terrestrial and coral systems, we are seeing the emergence of innovative approaches and creative applications of technologies developed for other settings to improve kelp forest health. Here we highlight some emerging and established technologies that will help drive the future of kelp forest conservation."},"orderNumber":7,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad6202f02dec18e5e584320","name":"7.0 Policy and Funding Advances","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/7-0-policy-and-funding-advances","slug":"7-0-policy-and-funding-advances","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nPolicy and funding can determine whether kelp conservation remains a collection of local projects or grows into coordinated, long-term action. Around the world, governments and partners are beginning to set clearer targets, strengthen regulation, build dedicated coordination structures, and invest in restoration and monitoring. Here, we highlight examples of how policy, funding, and governance are creating the conditions needed to support kelp conservation at meaningful scales.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nPolicy and funding can determine whether kelp conservation remains a collection of local projects or grows into coordinated, long-term action. Around the world, governments and partners are beginning to set clearer targets, strengthen regulation, build dedicated coordination structures, and invest in restoration and monitoring. Here, we highlight examples of how policy, funding, and governance are creating the conditions needed to support kelp conservation at meaningful scales."},"orderNumber":8,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad629a902dec18e5e5843ac","name":"8.0 Communities and Communications","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/8-0-communities-and-communications","slug":"8-0-communities-and-communications","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"Chapter at a glance\nProtecting and restoring kelp forests is as much about connecting people to these systems as it is about science and policy. People have expressed their connection to and the importance of kelp forests in many forms, from paint to poetry to podcasts. Here, we highlight some of our favourite examples of artistic expression and communication about kelp forests.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"**Chapter at a glance**\n\nProtecting and restoring kelp forests is as much about connecting people to these systems as it is about science and policy. People have expressed their connection to and the importance of kelp forests in many forms, from paint to poetry to podcasts. Here, we highlight some of our favourite examples of artistic expression and communication about kelp forests."},"orderNumber":9,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad62b9402dec18e5e5843d9","name":"9.0 Methods","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/9-0-methods","slug":"9-0-methods","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"9.1 Expert opinion survey\nThis assessment draws on a structured global survey of kelp forest experts, practitioners, and managers. Participants provided information only for regions where they had substantial knowledge or experience.\nThe survey assessed four aspects of kelp forest conservation: threats and stressors, current conservation action, capacity to respond, and ecosystem benefits. Sixteen indicators were scored using consistent criteria, allowing broad comparisons among regions.\nResponses were combined to produce regional summaries and to identify places where conservation action and capacity may not be keeping pace with the pressures facing kelp forests.\nThe results represent expert-informed assessments rather than direct measurements of ecological condition or management effectiveness. The number of respondents and the availability of evidence varied among regions, so findings from areas with limited responses should be interpreted cautiously and alongside other available information.\n9.2 Kelp protection analysis\nWe estimated how much of the global kelp biome overlaps with marine protected areas and how strong that protection is likely to be.\nThe kelp biome was represented using a global model of potential kelp distribution1, restricted to waters shallower than 60 metres. This captures the broad environmental range in which kelp forests may occur, but it is not a direct map of observed kelp. It may overestimate habitat because it does not account for the availability of rocky reef, while also underestimating kelp distribution in places that were inaccurately modelled.\nWe overlaid this biome layer with two complementary protected-area datasets. The World Database on Protected Areas was used to estimate the overall area of kelp habitat located within designated protected areas. ProtectedSeas’ Level of Fishing Protection dataset was used to assess the strength of fishing restrictions within those areas, with a focus on moderately and highly protected sites.\nWhere protected areas overlapped, each location was assigned to the highest applicable protection category to avoid double-counting. These results indicate the spatial extent and likely regulatory strength of protection, but they do not directly measure enforcement, management effectiveness, or ecological outcomes.\n\nFigure 9.1 Overview of the kelp protection analysis. Habitat and protected-area layers are overlaid to estimate spatial overlap. See Section 9.2 for the habitat layer and protection datasets used in this report."}},"intro":{"text":""},"orderNumber":10,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"6ad62c4c02dec18e5e5843e8","name":"10.0 Closing","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-26/10-0-closing","slug":"10-0-closing","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":null,"openGraph":{"description":{"plain":"The state of the world’s kelp forests remains mixed. Kelp forests continue to be lost, oceans are warming, and overabundant grazers remain a major challenge.\n"}},"intro":{"text":"The state of the world’s kelp forests remains mixed. 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