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The process is described for *Laminaria and Saccharina species* in the Atlantic Ocean and Ecklonia in Western Australia. The specifics will vary by species and region. Further reading on culturing is available in other documentation (section A.4)"},"summary":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff116_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1698834314/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/guidebook-cover_image__Guidebook-00-00-Cover-PatrickWebster_fkxsgl.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1698834314/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/guidebook-cover_image__Guidebook-00-00-Cover-PatrickWebster_fkxsgl.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1698834314/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/guidebook-cover_image__Guidebook-00-00-Cover-PatrickWebster_fkxsgl.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1698834314/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/guidebook-cover_image__Guidebook-00-00-Cover-PatrickWebster_fkxsgl.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1698834314/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/guidebook-cover_image__Guidebook-00-00-Cover-PatrickWebster_fkxsgl.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1698834314/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/guidebook-cover_image__Guidebook-00-00-Cover-PatrickWebster_fkxsgl.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1698834314/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/guidebook-cover_image__Guidebook-00-00-Cover-PatrickWebster_fkxsgl.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff117","path":"/contact","slug":"contact","name":"Contact","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":null,"intro":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff117_intro","text":"The strength of the KFA is in its members, each of whom may have differing motivations for protecting kelp forests but is ultimately driven to achieve healthy and sustainable kelp forests in their ocean and across the globe."},"summary":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff117_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668994356/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/contact-banner_image__contact-banner_lipuo4.jpg","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1668994356/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/contact-banner_image__contact-banner_lipuo4.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1668994356/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/contact-banner_image__contact-banner_lipuo4.jpg"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1668994356/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/contact-banner_image__contact-banner_lipuo4.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1668994356/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/contact-banner_image__contact-banner_lipuo4.jpg"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1668994356/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/contact-banner_image__contact-banner_lipuo4.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1668994356/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/contact-banner_image__contact-banner_lipuo4.jpg"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff118","path":"/kelp-forest-ecosystem-monitoring/8-0-cultural-services","slug":"8-0-cultural-services","name":"8.0 Cultural services","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"65d5940b1368b052bf6ff156","name":"Instruction Manual"},"intro":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff118_intro","text":"## 8.1 Community Engagement\n\nCommunity engagement is defined as number of volunteers (hours) working on a project, including unpaid community or citizen scientists. It is quantified by reporting the number of hours devoted to conservation or monitoring efforts. 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"},"summary":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11a_summary","text":"Data principles that aim to make research data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR)"},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1729567728/kelp-forest-alliance/page/10-0-data-repositories_thumbnail__14545258891_835bf358cc_o_v5x1up.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1729567728/kelp-forest-alliance/page/10-0-data-repositories_thumbnail__14545258891_835bf358cc_o_v5x1up.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1729567728/kelp-forest-alliance/page/10-0-data-repositories_thumbnail__14545258891_835bf358cc_o_v5x1up.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1729567728/kelp-forest-alliance/page/10-0-data-repositories_thumbnail__14545258891_835bf358cc_o_v5x1up.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1729567728/kelp-forest-alliance/page/10-0-data-repositories_thumbnail__14545258891_835bf358cc_o_v5x1up.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1729567728/kelp-forest-alliance/page/10-0-data-repositories_thumbnail__14545258891_835bf358cc_o_v5x1up.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1729567728/kelp-forest-alliance/page/10-0-data-repositories_thumbnail__14545258891_835bf358cc_o_v5x1up.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11c","path":"/kelp-forest-ecosystem-monitoring/9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors","slug":"9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors","name":"9.0 Environmental Conditions and Stressors","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"65d5940b1368b052bf6ff156","name":"Instruction Manual"},"intro":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11c_intro","text":"Monitoring the physical parameters of the ocean over time can provide important information about drivers of changes in the kelp forest structure and abundance. For example, increasing temperatures beyond the thermal tolerance of a kelp species often correspond to declines in its abundance. Understanding variation in environmental conditions and potential stressors is a key component of kelp forest monitoring and underpins management and restoration approaches. Attempting kelp restoration in an area where the environmental conditions driving initial kelp decline still persist is considered a poor use of resources, as restoration is unlikely to be successful. "},"summary":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11c_summary","text":"Monitoring the physical parameters of the ocean as well as related stressors"},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1729567840/kelp-forest-alliance/page/9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors_thumbnail__adler-5822_vh9bcn.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1729567840/kelp-forest-alliance/page/9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors_thumbnail__adler-5822_vh9bcn.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1729567840/kelp-forest-alliance/page/9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors_thumbnail__adler-5822_vh9bcn.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1729567840/kelp-forest-alliance/page/9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors_thumbnail__adler-5822_vh9bcn.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1729567840/kelp-forest-alliance/page/9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors_thumbnail__adler-5822_vh9bcn.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1729567840/kelp-forest-alliance/page/9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors_thumbnail__adler-5822_vh9bcn.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1729567840/kelp-forest-alliance/page/9-0-environmental-conditions-and-stressors_thumbnail__adler-5822_vh9bcn.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11d","path":"/frequently-asked-questions","slug":"frequently-asked-questions","name":"Frequently Asked Questions","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":null,"intro":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11d_intro","text":""},"summary":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11d_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668994269/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome_image__species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome.jpg","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1668994269/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome_image__species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1668994269/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome_image__species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome.jpg"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1668994269/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome_image__species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1668994269/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome_image__species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome.jpg"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1668994269/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome_image__species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1668994269/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome_image__species-cystoseira-01-jome-jome.jpg"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11e","path":"/kelp-forest-ecosystem-monitoring/5-0-habitat-services","slug":"5-0-habitat-services","name":"5.0 Habitat services","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"65d5940b1368b052bf6ff156","name":"Instruction Manual"},"intro":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff11e_intro","text":"## 5.1 Biodiversity \nBiodiversity refers to the number of different taxonomic or functional units of organisms living in a kelp forest. It is reported in number of species, number of functional species, presence, or absence of notable species. 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Few projects will be able to regularly monitor all these parameters; therefore, projects will therefore need to select the parameters of greatest interest that can be monitored within the project’s capacity. We provided instructions on how to monitor the following parameters below (Table 4)."},"summary":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff121_summary","text":"Kelp Forest 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View our finalists at our [Kelp Forest Photo Awards Exhibition](https://kelpforestalliance.com/posts/kelp-forest-photo-awards-exhibition) in North Sydney's Coal Loader."},"summary":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff126_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1701410942/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/photo-award-banner_image__banner_photo_lgbbu9.jpg","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1701410942/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/photo-award-banner_image__banner_photo_lgbbu9.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1701410942/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/photo-award-banner_image__banner_photo_lgbbu9.jpg"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1701410942/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/photo-award-banner_image__banner_photo_lgbbu9.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1701410942/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/photo-award-banner_image__banner_photo_lgbbu9.jpg"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1701410942/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/photo-award-banner_image__banner_photo_lgbbu9.jpg","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1701410942/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/photo-award-banner_image__banner_photo_lgbbu9.jpg"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff127","path":"/kelp-forests","slug":"kelp-forests","name":"Kelp Forests","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":null,"intro":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff127_intro","text":"Beneath our temperate and arctic seas, kelps, a marine ‘plant’, create lush underwater forests that provide the thread for a rich tapestry of life. \n\nWithin these kelp forests, sea birds and otters search for food. 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Another way to minimize variation is to sample at the same time of day (photoperiod), tide height, and incoming versus outgoing tide. Each of these variables should be documented in your sampling records. "},"summary":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff142_summary","text":"Sampling transects and quadrats\n"},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1729659282/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-0-survey-basics_thumbnail__Photo_4_xk768l.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1729659282/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-0-survey-basics_thumbnail__Photo_4_xk768l.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1729659282/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-0-survey-basics_thumbnail__Photo_4_xk768l.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1729659282/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-0-survey-basics_thumbnail__Photo_4_xk768l.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1729659282/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-0-survey-basics_thumbnail__Photo_4_xk768l.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1729659282/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-0-survey-basics_thumbnail__Photo_4_xk768l.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1729659282/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-0-survey-basics_thumbnail__Photo_4_xk768l.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff143","path":"/kelp-forest-ecosystem-monitoring/11-0-technologies-to-watch","slug":"11-0-technologies-to-watch","name":"11.0 Technologies to Watch","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"65d5940b1368b052bf6ff156","name":"Instruction Manual"},"intro":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff143_intro","text":"Environmental monitoring technologies for marine systems are developing rapidly that may help to overcome some of the issues outlined in this document. 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These underwater forests inhabit many of the world’s coastlines, supporting countless species and contributing billions of dollars to the global economy. They also play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide, cycling nutrients, and supporting fisheries. "},"summary":{"id":"6705f1db32bc05904b9ae827_summary","text":"Kelp forests are incredibly valuable ecosystems that play a vital role in supporting marine life, coastal economies, and even helping to fight climate change. However, they face serious threats from climate change, overfishing, and habitat destruction."},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1730083489/kelp-forest-alliance/page/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report_thumbnail__State_of_the_worlds_kelp_forests_report_thumbnail_b9ezdi.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1730083489/kelp-forest-alliance/page/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report_thumbnail__State_of_the_worlds_kelp_forests_report_thumbnail_b9ezdi.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1730083489/kelp-forest-alliance/page/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report_thumbnail__State_of_the_worlds_kelp_forests_report_thumbnail_b9ezdi.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1730083489/kelp-forest-alliance/page/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report_thumbnail__State_of_the_worlds_kelp_forests_report_thumbnail_b9ezdi.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730083489/kelp-forest-alliance/page/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report_thumbnail__State_of_the_worlds_kelp_forests_report_thumbnail_b9ezdi.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730083489/kelp-forest-alliance/page/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report_thumbnail__State_of_the_worlds_kelp_forests_report_thumbnail_b9ezdi.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1730083489/kelp-forest-alliance/page/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report_thumbnail__State_of_the_worlds_kelp_forests_report_thumbnail_b9ezdi.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"6705f28932bc05904b9ae831","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report/1-0-introduction-2","slug":"1-0-introduction-2","name":"1.0 Introduction","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report"},"intro":{"id":"6705f28932bc05904b9ae831_intro","text":"## 1.1 Kelp Forests\n\nAs an ecosystem, kelp forests occupy a unique intersection. "},"summary":{"id":"6705f28932bc05904b9ae831_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1730078621/kelp-forest-alliance/page/1-introduction_thumbnail__1325_tvmxo1.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1730078621/kelp-forest-alliance/page/1-introduction_thumbnail__1325_tvmxo1.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1730078621/kelp-forest-alliance/page/1-introduction_thumbnail__1325_tvmxo1.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1730078621/kelp-forest-alliance/page/1-introduction_thumbnail__1325_tvmxo1.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078621/kelp-forest-alliance/page/1-introduction_thumbnail__1325_tvmxo1.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078621/kelp-forest-alliance/page/1-introduction_thumbnail__1325_tvmxo1.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1730078621/kelp-forest-alliance/page/1-introduction_thumbnail__1325_tvmxo1.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"6705f2e832bc05904b9ae83d","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report/2-0-kelp-ecosystem-services","slug":"2-0-kelp-ecosystem-services","name":"2.0 Kelp Ecosystem Services","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report"},"intro":{"id":"6705f2e832bc05904b9ae83d_intro","text":"## 2.1 Key Takeaways\n\n1. Kelp forests provide a wide range of economic and cultural services to over 750 million people around the world.\n2. The potential economic value of ecosystem services in kelp forests is over $500 billion USD per year.\n3. Kelp forest fisheries (lobster, abalone, fish) generate tens of millions to billions of dollars for national economies each year.\n4. Nearly 800,000 tonnes of wild kelp are harvested each year.\n5. Kelp forests sequester ~32 million tonnes of CO2 annually."},"summary":{"id":"6705f2e832bc05904b9ae83d_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1730078669/kelp-forest-alliance/page/2-kelp-ecosystem-services_thumbnail__1309_iw3uyb.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1730078669/kelp-forest-alliance/page/2-kelp-ecosystem-services_thumbnail__1309_iw3uyb.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1730078669/kelp-forest-alliance/page/2-kelp-ecosystem-services_thumbnail__1309_iw3uyb.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1730078669/kelp-forest-alliance/page/2-kelp-ecosystem-services_thumbnail__1309_iw3uyb.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078669/kelp-forest-alliance/page/2-kelp-ecosystem-services_thumbnail__1309_iw3uyb.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078669/kelp-forest-alliance/page/2-kelp-ecosystem-services_thumbnail__1309_iw3uyb.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1730078669/kelp-forest-alliance/page/2-kelp-ecosystem-services_thumbnail__1309_iw3uyb.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"6705f37032bc05904b9ae844","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report/3-0-kelp-area-restored","slug":"3-0-kelp-area-restored","name":"3.0 Kelp Area Restored","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report"},"intro":{"id":"6705f37032bc05904b9ae844_intro","text":"## 3.1 Key Takeaways\n\n1. Kelp restoration is a relatively new field compared to other ecosystem restoration projects.\n2. The amount of kelp forest area restored around the world is accelerating.\n3. Government-level support has led to successful restoration projects in Japan and Korea.\n4. The world has restored approximately 2% (~19,000 ha) of the Kelp Forest Challenge target of one million hectares.\n5. The best predictor of successful restoration is proximity to an existing forest, and the priority should always be to restore a kelp forest before it disappears."},"summary":{"id":"6705f37032bc05904b9ae844_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1730078012/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-kelp-area-restored_thumbnail__Photo_2_vn6dga.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1730078012/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-kelp-area-restored_thumbnail__Photo_2_vn6dga.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1730078012/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-kelp-area-restored_thumbnail__Photo_2_vn6dga.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1730078012/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-kelp-area-restored_thumbnail__Photo_2_vn6dga.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078012/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-kelp-area-restored_thumbnail__Photo_2_vn6dga.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078012/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-kelp-area-restored_thumbnail__Photo_2_vn6dga.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1730078012/kelp-forest-alliance/page/3-kelp-area-restored_thumbnail__Photo_2_vn6dga.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"6705f5fd32bc05904b9ae878","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report/6-0-key-kelp-resources","slug":"6-0-key-kelp-resources","name":"6.0 Key Kelp Resources","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report"},"intro":{"id":"6705f5fd32bc05904b9ae878_intro","text":"The dissemination and consolidation of knowledge are critical for advancing efforts and ensuring sustainable practices in kelp restoration. Projects are often led by scientists, resulting in lessons buried within academic literature and creating barriers for practitioners, rights holders, policymakers, and the public. To bridge this gap, the global community has coalesced in recent years around products and working groups. Sharing resources through open-access platforms and centralised repositories ensures that valuable insights, from both successes and failures, foster a realistic understanding of restoration processes, and ultimately accelerate the collective learning curve and enhance effectiveness of restoration projects. \n\nBelow, we share a non-exhaustive list of some of the main resources available to kelp practitioners today."},"summary":{"id":"6705f5fd32bc05904b9ae878_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1730078209/kelp-forest-alliance/page/6-key-kelp-resources_thumbnail__1256_ih3bkq.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1730078209/kelp-forest-alliance/page/6-key-kelp-resources_thumbnail__1256_ih3bkq.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1730078209/kelp-forest-alliance/page/6-key-kelp-resources_thumbnail__1256_ih3bkq.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1730078209/kelp-forest-alliance/page/6-key-kelp-resources_thumbnail__1256_ih3bkq.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078209/kelp-forest-alliance/page/6-key-kelp-resources_thumbnail__1256_ih3bkq.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078209/kelp-forest-alliance/page/6-key-kelp-resources_thumbnail__1256_ih3bkq.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1730078209/kelp-forest-alliance/page/6-key-kelp-resources_thumbnail__1256_ih3bkq.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"6717619cf51d37d6afd4eb8a","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report/4-0-kelp-area-protected","slug":"4-0-kelp-area-protected","name":"4.0 Kelp Area Protected","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report"},"intro":{"id":"6717619cf51d37d6afd4eb8a_intro","text":"## 4.1 Key Takeaways\n\n1. Most countries need to significantly increase the amount of protected kelp forest habitat over the next six years to meet their 30x30 commitments to the Global Biodiversity Framework.\n2. Current data show that 16% of kelp forests are under some form of protection, but only 1.6% of kelp forests are in highly protected areas.\n3. Increasing the area of kelp protected should be achieved through a combination of highly protected areas, sustainably managed areas, and traditionally managed areas.\n4. 6.8% of areas are not classified in IUCN categories, and few MPA areas overall have been assessed to determine whether or not fishing is adequately managed. Addressing these gaps is a priority.\n5. Protection must balance the need to limit activities like fishing while sustaining local cultures and livelihoods."},"summary":{"id":"6717619cf51d37d6afd4eb8a_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1730078122/kelp-forest-alliance/page/4-kelp-area-protected_thumbnail__Urchin_removal-140_g1mppp.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1730078122/kelp-forest-alliance/page/4-kelp-area-protected_thumbnail__Urchin_removal-140_g1mppp.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1730078122/kelp-forest-alliance/page/4-kelp-area-protected_thumbnail__Urchin_removal-140_g1mppp.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1730078122/kelp-forest-alliance/page/4-kelp-area-protected_thumbnail__Urchin_removal-140_g1mppp.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078122/kelp-forest-alliance/page/4-kelp-area-protected_thumbnail__Urchin_removal-140_g1mppp.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078122/kelp-forest-alliance/page/4-kelp-area-protected_thumbnail__Urchin_removal-140_g1mppp.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1730078122/kelp-forest-alliance/page/4-kelp-area-protected_thumbnail__Urchin_removal-140_g1mppp.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"671761e6f51d37d6afd4eb90","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report/5-0-kelp-community","slug":"5-0-kelp-community","name":"5.0 Kelp Community","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report"},"intro":{"id":"671761e6f51d37d6afd4eb90_intro","text":"## 5.1 Key Takeaways\\\n\n1. There is a growing global kelp conservation community, with hundreds of active people working across 25 countries.\n2. Academic and NGO groups represent over 50% of the kelp conservation community, which also includes Indigenous Peoples, business, government, media, community and educational groups, impact investors and philanthropists.\n3. There are a growing number of alliances, working groups, and resources available to help empower future kelp protection and restoration efforts."},"summary":{"id":"671761e6f51d37d6afd4eb90_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1730078157/kelp-forest-alliance/page/5-0-kelp-community_thumbnail__Photo_1_SEA_ap0edw.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1730078157/kelp-forest-alliance/page/5-0-kelp-community_thumbnail__Photo_1_SEA_ap0edw.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1730078157/kelp-forest-alliance/page/5-0-kelp-community_thumbnail__Photo_1_SEA_ap0edw.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1730078157/kelp-forest-alliance/page/5-0-kelp-community_thumbnail__Photo_1_SEA_ap0edw.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078157/kelp-forest-alliance/page/5-0-kelp-community_thumbnail__Photo_1_SEA_ap0edw.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078157/kelp-forest-alliance/page/5-0-kelp-community_thumbnail__Photo_1_SEA_ap0edw.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1730078157/kelp-forest-alliance/page/5-0-kelp-community_thumbnail__Photo_1_SEA_ap0edw.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"6719ca647613f0476b898413","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report/7-0-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix","slug":"7-0-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix","name":"7.0 Kelp Distribution (Methods Appendix)","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report"},"intro":{"id":"6719ca647613f0476b898413_intro","text":"## 7.1 Key Takeaways\n\n1. Together, there are 25 countries with significant kelp forest populations.\n2. By area, five countries: Canada, the United States of America, Russia, United Kingdom contain over 50% of globally estimated kelp habitat.\n3. In the Southern hemisphere, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and Argentina have the most kelp habitat (278,000 km2 collectively).\n4. Estimating the potential kelp area will always create higher numbers than the observed kelp forest.\n5. Improving country-level maps of kelp forest habitat is a key priority."},"summary":{"id":"6719ca647613f0476b898413_summary","text":""},"openGraph":{"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1730078320/kelp-forest-alliance/page/7-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix_thumbnail__adler-4342_exooyq.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1730078320/kelp-forest-alliance/page/7-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix_thumbnail__adler-4342_exooyq.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1730078320/kelp-forest-alliance/page/7-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix_thumbnail__adler-4342_exooyq.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1730078320/kelp-forest-alliance/page/7-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix_thumbnail__adler-4342_exooyq.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078320/kelp-forest-alliance/page/7-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix_thumbnail__adler-4342_exooyq.webp"},"bubbleLarge":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1730078320/kelp-forest-alliance/page/7-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix_thumbnail__adler-4342_exooyq.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_256/v1730078320/kelp-forest-alliance/page/7-kelp-distribution-methods-appendix_thumbnail__adler-4342_exooyq.webp"}}}},"feedEntries":[],"methodologies":[],"economies":[],"genera":[],"species":[]}},{"data":{"id":"6719cb467613f0476b89843f","path":"/state-of-the-worlds-kelp-report/8-0-kelp-area-protected-methods-appendix","slug":"8-0-kelp-area-protected-methods-appendix","name":"8.0 Kelp Area Protected (Methods Appendix)","__typename":"Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"type":{"id":"671ef8301291fdccdbaa3afd","name":"Report"},"intro":{"id":"6719cb467613f0476b89843f_intro","text":"## 8.1 Protected Area Database\n\nFor this analysis, we used the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), which is collaboratively managed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The WDPA is one of the most comprehensive global datasets on terrestrial and marine protected areas, including data on the geographic location, size, legal status, governance, and conservation objectives of each site. Data was sourced from the Protected Planet website, which provides up-to-date and authoritative information through monthly updates supplied by national governments, non-governmental organizations, and other contributing entities (accurate as of January 2024). The dataset uses the IUCN’s protected area categorization to signify which activities are restricted in the area. These areas range from Ia (no extractive or destructive activities allowed) to VI (some extractive or destructive activities allowed). MPAs which were not classified were reported as “Not Reported”, “Not Assigned”, or “Not Applicable” (Table of classifications and 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