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The two sites face the Sea of Japan, and the one additional site faces the Sea of Okhotsk (Fig. 1). Regarding oceanographic conditions, the Tsushima warm current (TSC) flows northwards along the coast of western Hokkaido facing the Sea of Japan. The current divides into two; the Tsugaru warm current (TGC), which flows through the Tsugaru Strait to the Pacific Ocean, and the Soya warm current (SC), which flows through the Soya Strait to the Sea of Okhotsk (Fig. 1). The northeastern side of Hokkaido, facing the Sea of Okhotsk, is affected by the southward East Sakhalin cold current (ESC). The eastern side of Hokkaido, facing the Pacific Ocean, is affected by the Oyashio cold current (Kurile current) (OC) year-round. Sea urchin barrens primarily occur on the coasts influenced by the Tsugaru warm current (TSC) and the Tsugaru warm current (TGC) (Fig. 1). Submerged landscapes in the barren area are usually recognized by the overall disappearance of macroalgal communities, especially canopy species such as Saccharina japonica var. religiosa, Undaria pinnatifida and members of the Sargassaceae family. Crustose coralline algae and sea urchins dominate the subtidal barren area."},"species":[{"__typename":"Platform_Species","id":"65d594551368b052bf6ffb39","name":"Saccharina japonica","slug":"saccharina-japonica","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_species/saccharina-japonica","title":"Saccharina japonica","description":null,"image":{"id":"image_kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-saccharina_image__genus-saccharina_ftamgv","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668995210/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-saccharina_image__genus-saccharina_ftamgv.jpg","url2x":null}}}],"objective":{"id":"6a1e99603d26cc88fe74a107_objective","text":"Here, we review three SUR experiments, which were conducted in SW, NW and NE Hokkaido in Japan over the last three decades, to determine the effects of SUR on macroalgal biodiversity and biomass. We also investigated the environmental characteristics enabling the coexistence of macroalgae and sea urchins through experiments involving the manipulation of sea urchin density. Finally, we discuss the indicators that could be valuable for managing coastal macroalgal forests based on observed environmental characteristics.\n"},"causeOfDecline":{"id":"6a1e99603d26cc88fe74a107_causeOfDecline","text":"Crustose coralline algae and sea urchins dominate the subtidal barren area. The primary persistent cause of this phenomenon is overgrazing by herbivorous invertebrates (Agatsuma, Citation1995). In addition, the disappearance of canopy-forming macroalgae was thought to be maintained by oligotrophic oceanic conditions and low productivity. 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The above values are useful indicators of conditions under which commercially valuable macroalgae and sea urchins can successfully coexist.\n"},"disturbanceDescription":{"id":"6a1e99533d26cc88fe74a0f9_disturbanceDescription","text":""},"recordedBy":[{"__typename":"Platform_Person","id":"69ccb3a9afcecd4cb4810e6a","slug":"emily-clout","name":"Emily Clout","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_person/emily-clout","image":{"id":"image_kelp-forest-alliance/person/emily-clout_photo__Linkedin_photo_ue6akr","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1779343632/kelp-forest-alliance/person/emily-clout_photo__Linkedin_photo_ue6akr.png","url2x":null}}}],"species":[{"__typename":"Platform_Species","id":"65d594551368b052bf6ffb39","slug":"saccharina-japonica","name":"Saccharina japonica","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_species/saccharina-japonica","image":{"id":"image_kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-saccharina_image__genus-saccharina_ftamgv","url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1668995210/kelp-forest-alliance/banner/species-saccharina_image__genus-saccharina_ftamgv.jpg","url2x":null}}}],"transplantAdherenceMethod":null,"transplantLifeStage":null,"transplantSource":null,"causeOfDecline":{"id":"6a1e99533d26cc88fe74a0f9_causeOfDecline","text":""},"reasons":[],"objective":{"id":"6a1e99533d26cc88fe74a0f9_objective","text":""},"motivations":[{"__typename":"Platform_Motivation","id":"65d5944a1368b052bf6ff8e3","name":"Enhancing Biodiversity","slug":"enhancing-biodiversity","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_motivation/enhancing-biodiversity","title":"Enhancing Biodiversity","description":{"id":"65d5944a1368b052bf6ff8e3_description","text":"Kelp forests are the foundational habitat for numerous marine species (insert example list if you like), projects may be motivated by restoring kelp forests to restore these underwater cities."},"image":null}},{"__typename":"Platform_Motivation","id":"65d5944a1368b052bf6ff8e2","name":"Answering Scientific Questions","slug":"answering-scientific-questions","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_motivation/answering-scientific-questions","title":"Answering Scientific Questions","description":{"id":"65d5944a1368b052bf6ff8e2_description","text":"Restoring an ecosystem system can also create the opportunity to conduct scientific research and answer questions about kelp forests grow, respond to their environment, and interact with the many other seaweeds and animals that share the ocean with them."},"image":null}}],"methodologies":[{"__typename":"Platform_Methodology","id":"65d594491368b052bf6ff8c0","name":"Sea Urchin Removal","slug":"sea-urchin-removal","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_methodology/sea-urchin-removal","title":"Sea Urchin Removal","description":null,"image":null}}],"disturbanceTypes":[],"impactTypes":[{"__typename":"Platform_ImpactType","id":"65d594481368b052bf6ff898","name":"Ecological","slug":"ecological","openGraph":{"id":"openGraph_impact-type/ecological","title":"Ecological","description":{"id":"65d594481368b052bf6ff898_description","text":"Restored ecosystem attributes such as habitat and associated biodiversity"},"image":null}}],"totalCost":null,"capitalCost":null,"planningCost":null,"constructionCost":null,"inKindCost":null,"monitoringCost":null,"maintenanceCost":null,"costCurrency":null,"costYear":null,"citation":null,"ecologicalPrinciples":[{"__typename":"Platform_EcologicalPrinciple","id":"65d594461368b052bf6ff87c","name":"7. 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