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These programmes also track herbivory, identified as a key driver of kelp dynamics (Franco et al. 2015; Barrientos et al. 2022; Reis et al. 2024), alongside surveys of key fauna and flora and fish herbivory. In southern Spain, monitoring also tracks macroalgal dynamics, including the spread of invasive Rugulopteryx okamurae, which competes for space with native kelp.\nRecognition of kelp’s ecological importance is increasing. In Portugal, a White Paper and research on blue carbon potential have helped articulate kelp’s contribution to regional carbon sequestration (Franco et al. 2025). In Galicia, studies have evaluated kelp’s importance for fishing communities and the impacts of kelp decline on small-scale fisheries (Piñeiro-Corbeira et al. 2022). This expanding evidence base is fostering cross-border coordination, including the upcoming joint Iberian Kelp Atlas led by a Spanish institution (Arroyo et al. 2025).\n","text":"Across the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula, kelp conservation is gaining recognition, though practical efforts remain fragmented. In Galicia (NW Spain), harvesting restrictions have been implemented to protect remaining Laminaria hyperborea populations. Portugal has taken early steps through new MPAs such as Gorringe Bank, although kelp-specific management remains limited. A shared development is the emergence of restoration trials in both countries, including reforestation efforts led by SeaForester and research projects in Portugal (e.g., Blueforests, Blueforesting, Ecokelp), alongside a reforestation programme in Galicia.\nBoth Portugal and Galicia have established long-term, kelp-focused monitoring. 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Its mandate to restore 20% of degraded marine ecosystems by 2030 creates urgency and alignment across agencies. Both countries are increasingly seeking European funding for kelp initiatives, with opportunities to integrate biodiversity goals with fisheries recovery and coastal resilience. Cross-border collaboration on invasive species management—particularly in southern coastal areas—represents an immediate shared priority. Scaling will also benefit from strengthened long-term monitoring and deeper integration of local stakeholders in restoration planning.\n","text":"The EU Nature Restoration Regulation (European Union 2024) provides a major lever for scaling efforts in Spain and Portugal. Its mandate to restore 20% of degraded marine ecosystems by 2030 creates urgency and alignment across agencies. Both countries are increasingly seeking European funding for kelp initiatives, with opportunities to integrate biodiversity goals with fisheries recovery and coastal resilience. Cross-border collaboration on invasive species management—particularly in southern coastal areas—represents an immediate shared priority. 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