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    "result": {"data":{"platform":{"page":{"id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff136","slug":"ch-15-project-6-restoration-of-isoyake-deforested-area","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/9-0-restoration-in-practice-projects-from-around-the-world-summary/ch-15-project-6-restoration-of-isoyake-deforested-area","name":"Project 06 - Restoration of isoyake (Deforested) Area","__typename":"Platform_Page","_schema":{"label":"Page","pluralLabel":"Pages"},"title":"Restoration of isoyake (Deforested) Area","pretitle":"Project 6","subtitle":null,"titleRich":{"text":""},"subtitleRich":{"text":""},"content":{"text":"<ImageAsset nomargin slug=\"guidebook-15-project-6-1-japan\" />\n\n**Key takeaways**\n\nPilot projects are useful approaches to establish proofs of concept and can be used to identify problems with the methodology and demonstrate feasibility before restoring at scale.\n\nUsing cultured kelp outplants can help scale up the area that is restorable.\n\n**Background**\n\nThe Hainan Coast, in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, runs for ~50km around the Cape of Omaezaki with Suruga Bay in the east and Enshuu Nada in the west. Its shallow waters (0–20 m) are home to an 8,000-ha kelp forest, predominantly comprised of *Ecklonia cava* (hereafter *Ecklonia)* and *Eisenia nipponica* (hereafter *Eisenia),* which is the largest in Japan. Historically, the kelp forest was a highly productive abalone fishing location, yielding 10-20 ton of abalone/year since the helmet diving fishery of abalone began in the Meiji Era (1867-1911). In modern times, managers have worked to enhance abalone in the area by stocking 100,000-400,000 juvenile abalone every year since 1980s. The region also has had a long kelp (*Eisenia* ) fishing industry since the year 700 CE, with harvest peaking at 20-40 tons per year in the 1980s.\n\n**The project**\n\nThe locals’ relationship with the sea was first threatened when isoyake (deforestation) was observed by Izu Branch of Shizuoka Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station (IB-SPFES). Based on their reports, losses of *Eisenia* started in 1985 and were followed by *Ecklonia* losses in 1990. By the year 2000, the entire kelp forest had almost disappeared. Such losses resulted in dramatic declines in both the kelp and abalone fisheries, previously strong contributors to the local economy. Given the threat to their livelihoods, the fishers of Hainan engaged Shizuoka Prefectural Government (SPG) to investigate the causes of isoyake and restore the kelp forests, a job that was ultimately tasked to IB-SPFES.\n\nThe researchers of IB-SPFES dove the area and identified several causes for kelp forest decline. First, increased turbidity caused lower light conditions, which reduced kelp productivity and created enabling conditions for isoyake. Kelp losses were then magnified by an increase in the population of warm water herbivorous rabbitfish (*Siganus* fuscescens), which increased in 1984 and now remain as waters have gradually warmed. \n\nTo begin the remediation of habitat loss, a small-scale pilot project was initiated by IB-SPFES in 1997. IB-SPFES transplanted adults of *Ecklonia* sporophytes in deforested areas along the coast and confirmed that the plants could survive when planted on artificial structures. Further, this pilot project suggested that careful transplantation of *Ecklonia*sporophytes could lead to the recovery of the kelp forest off Sakai-Hirata (east of Omaezaki).\n\nLarger scale restoration efforts, proposed by IB-SPFES and financed by the SPG, then started in 1999. First, concrete blocks (hexapod of 5 tons, 2.1 x 2.1 x 1.1 m) were placed in nearby healthy kelp forests and left from October 1999 to March 2000 to collect recruits of *E. cava*. The naturally seeded blocks were then transferred to deforested areas in Hainan to establish core kelp forests. This initial effort was successful, partly because the height of grown kelp was elevated by the concrete blocks and received more light and less sedimentation. However, success was short lived, and the transplants disappeared within three years after they were browsed by herbivorous fishes.\n\n<ImageAsset nomargin slug=\"guidebook-15-project-6-2-authors\" /> \nA hexapod block used for early transplantation; an x-shaped block used for later transplantation. Photos provided by the authors.\n\n<ImageAsset nomargin slug=\"guidebook-15-project-6-3-authors\" />\nA hexapod block used for early transplantation; an x-shaped block used for later transplantation. Photos provided by the authors.\n\nAfter securing further financial support from the national government, the SPG started a second attempt in 2005. Instead of seeding blocks in the field, juveniles of *Ecklonia* sporophytes were cultured on strings and tied with ropes to 2,162 x-shaped concrete blocks (weight: three tons, dimensions: 1.85 x 1.85 x0.63 m). Importantly, SPG, with local fishers, fishing cooperatives, and municipal government created a subsidy to pay fishers to remove herbivorous fishes from coastal areas using set nets and gill nets.\n\nAfter sustained removal of herbivorous fish, the project was ultimately deemed successful. Monitoring started in 2007 and revealed 55 hectares of restored kelp forest, a number which has grown to 870 hectares in 2018, the date of the last survey. As the *Ecklonia* forests were restored, so were the abalone populations. The result has been so successful that the fishery cooperative is planning a trial re-opening of the abalone fishery in 2021. However, *Eisenia*forests have not returned yet, likely because this species is more susceptible to herbivorous fishes browsing, even in mixed stands with Ecklonia.The total budget for projects carried out between 2002 and 2010 was $ 5.21 million (USD, 2010). \n\n**Lessons learned**\n\nTransplanting sporophytes on elevated substrata can help ameliorate the effects of low light and sedimentation, which might otherwise kill the plant.\n\nPilot projects are useful approaches to establish proofs of concept and can be used to identify problems with the methodology and demonstrate feasibility before restoring at scale.\n\nIf there is persistent overgrazing pressure, it is important to continually manage this stressor, otherwise fish might overgraze the restoration outplants.\n\n<ImageAsset nomargin slug=\"guidebook-15-project-6-4-authors\" />\nEcklonia cava forest restored on bedrock. Photo provided by the authors.\n\n<ImageAsset nomargin slug=\"guidebook-15-project-6-5-authors\" />\nEcklonia cava forest restored on bedrock. Photo provided by the authors.\n"},"options":{"text":""},"openGraph":{"title":"Restoration of isoyake (Deforested) Area","description":{"plain":"Restoration of isoyake (Deforested) 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Restoration in Practice: Projects from Around the World (Summary)","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/9-0-restoration-in-practice-projects-from-around-the-world-summary","slug":"9-0-restoration-in-practice-projects-from-around-the-world-summary","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","content":{"text":"Together, they provide examples of coordinated restoration programs and explain why restoration was necessary and initiated, who was involved, the methods used and whether they were successful, the costs involved, and, importantly, the lessons learned. The case studies are not intended to provide step-by-step instructions for restoration; rather, these models can be referred to while reading the guidebook chapters, and they provide many on-the-ground examples of the topics and concepts discussed herein. Restoration practitioners may also be interested in reviewing the studies most similar to their circumstances and conditions, or they may benefit from exploring how kelp forest restoration is done in different regions and with different species. \n\n<Page slug=\"ch-10-bull-kelp-restoration-in-the-mendocino-region-of-northern-california\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-11-p-2-operation-crayweed\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-12-project-3-haida-gwaii-canada\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-13-project-4-diver-control-of-long-spined-sea-urchin-in-tasmania\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-14-project-5-kelp-restoration-at-the-national-scale\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-15-project-6-restoration-of-isoyake-deforested-area\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-16-project-7-palos-verdes-kelp-forest-restoration-project\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-17-project-8-quicklime-and-restoration-of-kelp-forest-lost-to-sea-urchin-grazing-in-norway\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-18-project-9-marine-forests-restoration-in-the-mediterranean-sea\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-19-project-10-green-gravel-trials-in-norway\" />\n\n<Page slug=\"ch-20-project-11-using-chimeric-kelps-to-restore-part-of-the-chilean-coast\" />\n\n<ImageAsset nomargin slug=\"guidebook-09-summary-1-patrick-webster\" />"},"children":[{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff131","name":"Project 01 - 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