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Given the scale and rate of ongoing climate-change worldwide, there is growing recognition of the need to plan adaptively and ‘future-proof’ restoration interventions by ensuring that kelp forests can cope with future, and not just current, environmental conditions [1](/citation/Cit-076) [2](/citation/Cit-102). Future-proofing can also help us buy time and manage kelp forests while governments pursue the urgent and crucial aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to curb ocean change. Nonetheless, even if emissions are rapidly reduced in the near future, there are still decades of warming and change locked in due to climate inertia and lags between today’s emissions and tomorrow’s climate [3](/citation/Cit-147). It is therefore critical to ensure that restoration interventions are as dynamic as the environments in which they occur.\n\nKelp forests are in decline in many regions globally due to direct and indirect impacts from climate change [4](/citation/Cit-021) [5](/citation/Cit-148) Across these regions, climate change is outpacing the ability of kelps to adapt, while episodic events (e.g., marine heatwaves) and ongoing stressors (e.g., ocean warming) are eroding the adaptive capacity and genetic resilience of kelps [6](/citation/Cit-102) [7](/citation/Cit-149) [8](/citation/Cit-150). Proactive and innovative future-proofing strategies are therefore required for kelp forest restoration, and not only in the medium- to long-term but even short-term in those regions where climate-driven impacts are already causing kelp loss.\n\n## 7.1 Future-proofing strategies\n\nThere are three general and intersecting strategies for future-proofing restoration interventions: genetic rescue, assisted gene flow, and genetic manipulation and assisted expansion [9](/citation/Cit-151) [10](/citation/Cit-102) [11](/citation/Cit-150). The optimal strategy will depend on the underlying vulnerability and adaptability of the kelp species under consideration. Moreover, these strategies are not mutually exclusive, and a combined or portfolio approach is often recommended. The fundamental goal of all strategies, however, is to facilitate and accelerate the rate of naturally occurring evolutionary processes in order to boost ecosystem resilience to future conditions and change. We describe these strategies here in approximate order of the severity of the intervention. While some approaches have been investigated at the research-scale for kelp forests, many are still hypothetical and under debate.\n\n### 7.1.1 Genetic rescue\n\nDiversity at the genetic level underpins any populations’ ability to respond to change. Yet many natural populations are now genetically degraded due to habitat fragmentation and loss. The strategy of ‘genetic rescue’ focuses on enhancing the genetic diversity of such populations to boost their adaptive potential and resilience to future conditions. This might include planting and restoring individuals from genetically diverse populations (but the same species) to disconnected or depauperate populations [12](/citation/Cit-076) [13](/citation/Cit-152). Such populations may have been connected historically but since become isolated and degraded due to human impacts [14](/citation/Cit-102) [15](/citation/Cit-149) [16](/citation/Cit-152). This approach may be especially useful where there is no current direct climate-driven threat to a kelp forest and thus only limited climate-driven current selective pressure. Also see Sourcing and Provenance in chapter 5.3.\n\n### 7.1.2 Assisted gene flow\n\nTaking this a step further, an ‘assisted gene flow’ strategy focuses on the movement and restoration of naturally adapted or tolerant individuals into threatened populations in order to increase resilience to an identified stressor (e.g., ocean warming). This approach may suit circumstances with current or anticipated near-future climate-drivers of kelp forest loss, and where increasing genetic diversity (via genetic rescue) may be counter-productive and inefficient since selective pressure may instead favour (or require) a better adapted genotype [17](/citation/Cit-102) [18](/citation/Cit-154) [19](/citation/Cit-155). Selective-breeding approaches can be used to identify and breed the adapted or tolerant individuals to be used for restoration trials. Such approaches are already being considered/trialled in locations where climate-driven kelp losses have been particularly severe [20](/citation/Cit-156) [21](/citation/Cit-157). Similar breeding techniques and cultivar development are more common among kelp aquaculture operations [22](/citation/Cit-158) and demonstrate the potential for knowledge-sharing and collaboration among the restoration and aquaculture sectors.\n\n### 7.1.3 Genetic manipulation, assisted expansion, and novel communities\n\nOther more extreme strategies to future-proof restoration efforts include sophisticated genetic techniques and those that assist a species’ expansion outside their native range. These might include genetic engineering to enhance or introduce specific traits [23](/citation/Cit-159) [24](/citation/Cit-160) or the use of naturally occurring (or artificially stimulated) co-species ‘chimeras’ that are better adapted to novel conditions (Chile: Chimera trials). Assisted expansion, on the other hand, may aim to shift an at-risk species to a new, more suitable ‘refugia’ environment to aid its long-term persistence if it cannot survive in its current range. Alternatively, new species of kelp (or other seaweeds) that are better suited to future conditions might be restored instead. The intent there would be to create novel ecological communities to maintain the function of the ecosystem as a whole, rather than to maintain the presence of a particular kelp species [25](/citation/Cit-091).\n\n## 7.2 Decision-making and planning for future-proofing\n\nEvidence-informed dialogue and decision-making are critical to planning, developing, and achieving support for future-proofing solutions. The innovative nature of these approaches raises challenging scientific and ethical questions [26](/citation/Cit-159) [27](/citation/Cit-161), since the intention is not to restore a pre-existing or historical community but instead to modify it to be more adapted and resilient to modern environmental conditions. Accordingly, the potential risks of action (e.g. maladaptation, genetic pollution) must be assessed alongside the current and potential risks of inaction and ongoing kelp loss [28](/citation/Cit-162). This balance of risks suggests future-proofing interventions may be more amenable where and when kelp forest losses have already been severe (or are predicted to be in the near-future) or may cause particularly damaging effects on ecological and human communities. This logic also highlights the potential of preventative and proactive future-proof restoration (i.e., taking action prior to severe losses) to boost resilience and ensure kelp forests do not experience such precipitous declines in the first place.\n\n<ImageAsset nomargin slug=\"guidebook-07-01-1-ralph-pace\" />\n\nThe decision-making and planning process for future-proof interventions must incorporate dialogue among researchers, practitioners, managers, policymakers, and the broader community [29](/citation/Cit-153) [30](/citation/Cit-163) [31](/citation/Cit-164). Critically, there must be community-wide input and consensus on how we want kelp forests to look and function in the future, and what services we want/need them to provide. Together, these considerations will dictate when and how to restore, whether future-proofed interventions are desired or required, and what type of intervention may be most suitable.\n\n## 7.3 Knowledge gaps, and tools to support future-proofing\n\nThe design of future-proofing interventions relies on understanding patterns of overall and adaptive genetic diversity and gene flow among populations and also predicting how these may change under future conditions [32](/citation/Cit-155) [33](/citation/Cit-150). Unfortunately, this knowledge is scant or absent for most kelp species, which impedes our understanding of a species’ adaptability/vulnerability and the pathways for potential restoration. In those cases, modelling and simulations can be useful to predict patterns of natural dispersal from desirable to vulnerable populations [34](/citation/Cit-165) or to evaluate environmental and biological factors and identify potentially resilient, vulnerable, or refugia populations of kelps [35](/citation/Cit-048) [36](/citation/Cit-166). However, even where resilient individuals/populations have been identified [37](/citation/Cit-154) [38](/citation/Cit-157), we currently have little understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underpin their improved performance and adaptation.\n\nConsidering ongoing kelp declines and the potential for genetic interventions to be combined with restoration efforts, there should be increased focus on the conservation of kelp genetic diversity via the use of seedbanks or genebanks [39](/citation/Cit-167) [40](/citation/Cit-168) [41](/citation/Cit-157). These can help preserve the genetic heritage and/or unique local-scale diversity, support future restoration and conservation efforts, and provide contingency in the case of severe environmental losses. As with selective breeding, these banking operations have significant crossover with kelp aquaculture operations and represent areas of high potential for collaboration and co-investment between kelp restoration and aquaculture sectors.\n\n\n<ImageAsset nomargin slug=\"guidebook-07-03-1-ralph-pace\" />\n\n\nUltimately, while careful planning and research are essential to the development and implementation of future-proofed kelp forest restoration, these actions must be considered alongside the risks of inaction. Even now, ‘pristine’ or undisturbed kelp forests may not exist, and there is increasing agreement that recreating past (or even present) communities can be challenging given the rate and scale of ongoing change in our oceans. It is therefore critical that we do not restore nostalgically but instead restore for the future and to ensure the long-term survival of the kelp forests we want and need.\n\n## 7.4 Further reading\n\n[42](/citation/Cit-102) Coleman et al. 2020a, Restore or redefine: future trajectories for restoration.\n\n[43](/citation/Cit-163) Gaitán-Espitia & Hobday 2020, Climate change adaptation efforts for conserving species must not be antagonistic to natural evolutionary responses.\n\n[44](/citation/Cit-158) Goecke et al. 2020, Cultivar development of kelps for commercial cultivation—past lessons and future prospects."},"options":{"text":""},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"Outlining the concept of ‘future-proofing’ in restoration, which encompasses a range of novel approaches in response to kelp loss due to ongoing climate change.\n"},"image":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1698820229/kelp-forest-alliance/page/ch-07-7-0-future-proofing-kelp-forest-restoration-for-climate-change_thumbnail__Guidebook-07-01-1-RalphPace_dchnzy.webp","url2x":null,"thumbnails":{"card":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_480/v1698820229/kelp-forest-alliance/page/ch-07-7-0-future-proofing-kelp-forest-restoration-for-climate-change_thumbnail__Guidebook-07-01-1-RalphPace_dchnzy.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_960/v1698820229/kelp-forest-alliance/page/ch-07-7-0-future-proofing-kelp-forest-restoration-for-climate-change_thumbnail__Guidebook-07-01-1-RalphPace_dchnzy.webp"},"bubble":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_64/v1698820229/kelp-forest-alliance/page/ch-07-7-0-future-proofing-kelp-forest-restoration-for-climate-change_thumbnail__Guidebook-07-01-1-RalphPace_dchnzy.webp","url2x":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/c_limit,w_128/v1698820229/kelp-forest-alliance/page/ch-07-7-0-future-proofing-kelp-forest-restoration-for-climate-change_thumbnail__Guidebook-07-01-1-RalphPace_dchnzy.webp"}}}},"intro":{"text":"This chapter outlines the concept of ‘future-proofing’ in restoration, which encompasses a range of novel approaches in response to kelp loss due to ongoing climate change. 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These programs will support efforts to collectively manage and reverse declines in ocean health and generate increased investment in the conservation of marine ecosystems and the communities they support. \n\nDespite a relatively long history in places like Japan, Korea, and California, the science and practice of kelp forest restoration is still in its infancy, and there remains a wealth of knowledge to be learned and shared from our collective failures and successes. To date, many projects have remained disconnected and had limited opportunities to share their experiences and learnings. The practice of kelp forest restoration will be greatly enhanced with collaborative, science-based efforts, where all stakeholders and custodians are engaged in decision-making and even short-term failures can yield insights that contribute to longer-term success. \n\nThe development of the Kelp Restoration Guidebook was informed by a series of global workshops, and an expert panel of authors and editors, with the aim to share and distil lessons learned from kelp restoration efforts globally. The intent is for this guidebook to serve as a starting point for practitioners, researchers, managers, and custodians to learn about the steps of restoration and access an active community of practice—all to improve the likelihood of success for future restoration projects. The broad lessons contained herein can then be extended and refined to suit local kelp species and circumstances. Ultimately, by cultivating an alliance of kelp forest restoration practitioners around the world, we can work together to ensure that kelp forests flourish in our planet’s changing seas. "},"children":[{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff10d","name":"3.0 The Human Elements: Communities and Partners in Kelp Restoration","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/3-0-the-human-elements-communities-and-partners-in-kelp-restoration","slug":"3-0-the-human-elements-communities-and-partners-in-kelp-restoration","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"This chapter serves as a guide to integrating social, cultural, and economic aspects into what are often ecologically focused restoration initiatives. The core themes discussed include: (1) the importance of engaging with communities and partners to collaborate, co-develop initiatives, and make decisions; (2) ways to identify the communities and partners needed in restoration initiatives; (3) specific avenues for engaging and communicating with diverse communities and interests."}},"intro":{"text":"This chapter serves as a guide to integrating social, cultural, and economic aspects into what are often ecologically focused restoration initiatives. The core themes discussed include: (1) the importance of engaging with communities and partners to collaborate, co-develop initiatives, and make decisions; (2) ways to identify the communities and partners needed in restoration initiatives; (3) specific avenues for engaging and communicating with diverse communities and interests."},"orderNumber":3,"banner":{"name":"CH03 Ralph Pace","slug":"ch-03-ralph-pace","alternateText":null,"thumbnail":null}},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff10f","name":"5.0 Kelp Forest Restoration in Action (Methods)","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/5-0-kelp-forest-restoration-in-action-methods","slug":"5-0-kelp-forest-restoration-in-action-methods","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"In this chapter we describe the approaches available for kelp restoration and emphasize that you will need to consider the best suited approach(es) for your particular project (Fig. 5.1). The selected methodology will depend on the expertise of your group, project budget, the stressors present, environmental conditions, and whether kelp can return naturally or needs re-introduction."}},"intro":{"text":"In this chapter we describe the approaches available for kelp restoration and emphasize that you will need to consider the best suited approach(es) for your particular project (Fig. 5.1). The selected methodology will depend on the expertise of your group, project budget, the stressors present, environmental conditions, and whether kelp can return naturally or needs re-introduction."},"orderNumber":5,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff111","name":"7.0 Future-Proofing Kelp Forest Restoration for Climate Change","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/7-0-future-proofing-kelp-forest-restoration-for-climate-change","slug":"7-0-future-proofing-kelp-forest-restoration-for-climate-change","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"Outlining the concept of ‘future-proofing’ in restoration, which encompasses a range of novel approaches in response to kelp loss due to ongoing climate change."}},"intro":{"text":"This chapter outlines the concept of ‘future-proofing’ in restoration, which encompasses a range of novel approaches in response to kelp loss due to ongoing climate change. These situations are complex because the driver of kelp forest decline cannot be directly ameliorated, and so innovative solutions are needed to boost resilience and optimise restoration success."},"orderNumber":7,"banner":{"name":"CH07 Ralph Pace","slug":"ch-07-ralph-pace","alternateText":null,"thumbnail":null}},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff113","name":"9.0 Restoration in Practice: Projects from Around the World (Summary)","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/9-0-restoration-in-practice-projects-from-around-the-world-summary","slug":"9-0-restoration-in-practice-projects-from-around-the-world-summary","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"The following are examples of kelp restoration in practice from around the world. They span a range of environments, approaches, and target species."}},"intro":{"text":"The following are examples of kelp restoration in practice from around the world. They span a range of environments, approaches, and target species."},"orderNumber":9,"banner":{"name":"CH09 Patrick Webster","slug":"ch-09-patrick-webster","alternateText":null,"thumbnail":null}},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff110","name":"6.0 Monitoring and Evaluation","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/6-0-monitoring-and-evaluation","slug":"6-0-monitoring-and-evaluation","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"This chapter outlines the motivations and methods for monitoring and evaluating kelp restoration efforts, including what to consider before monitoring; important considerations when designing and implementing a monitoring program; and common methods for collecting kelp forest monitoring data."}},"intro":{"text":"This chapter outlines the motivations and methods for monitoring and evaluating kelp restoration efforts, including what to consider before monitoring; important considerations when designing and implementing a monitoring program; and common methods for collecting kelp forest monitoring data."},"orderNumber":6,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff112","name":"8.0 Conclusion","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/8-0-conclusion","slug":"8-0-conclusion","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"We anticipate a bright future for the field of kelp forest restoration, one that will grow rapidly in response to changes in kelp forest dynamics around the world. Many new projects are emerging, and there is a widespread interest in kelp forest ecosystems that did not exist a decade ago. "}},"intro":{"text":"We anticipate a bright future for the field of kelp forest restoration, one that will grow rapidly in response to changes in kelp forest dynamics around the world. Many new projects are emerging, and there is a widespread interest in kelp forest ecosystems that did not exist a decade ago. "},"orderNumber":8,"banner":{"name":"CH08 Ralph Pace","slug":"ch-08-ralph-pace","alternateText":null,"thumbnail":null}},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff10c","name":"2.0 Evaluating the Need for Kelp Forest Restoration","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/2-0-evaluating-the-need-for-kelp-forest-restoration","slug":"2-0-evaluating-the-need-for-kelp-forest-restoration","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"Concentrating on understanding whether restoration is needed and appropriate. Presenting a set of core questions to help address this decision-making process."}},"intro":{"text":"This chapter concentrates on understanding whether restoration is needed and appropriate. It presents a set of core questions to help address this decision-making process, including: Have kelp forests declined in your area, and if so, why? Is restoration achievable, given the cause of kelp decline and the resources available? And what are the opportunities, risks, and challenges of restoration?"},"orderNumber":2,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff10e","name":"4.0 Getting Started with Restoration","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/4-0-getting-started-with-restoration","slug":"4-0-getting-started-with-restoration","title":null,"subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"This chapter details the first actionable steps to restore kelp forest habitat. It starts by focusing on planning and assessing feasibility for restoration, including identifying objectives and appropriate methods, permitting and biosecurity, and site selection; it then outlines project monitoring and evaluating measures of success, along with a strategy (or strategies) for scaling-up restoration pilot projects."}},"intro":{"text":"This chapter details the first actionable steps to restore kelp forest habitat. It starts by focusing on planning and assessing feasibility for restoration, including identifying objectives and appropriate methods, permitting and biosecurity, and site selection; it then outlines project monitoring and evaluating measures of success, along with a strategy (or strategies) for scaling-up restoration pilot projects."},"orderNumber":4,"banner":null},{"__typename":"Platform_Page","id":"65d594091368b052bf6ff116","name":"Appendix","path":"/kelp-restoration-guidebook/appendix","slug":"appendix","title":"Appendix","subtitle":null,"pretitle":"Guidebook","openGraph":{"description":{"text":"Here we provide further detail for those wishing to create a spore or gametophyte culture. The process is described for *Laminaria and Saccharina species* in the Atlantic Ocean and Ecklonia in Western Australia. The specifics will vary by species and region. 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